{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:30:24Z","timestamp":1790271024223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21978050 22005053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21978050 22005053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021J05032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J05032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003410","name":"Department of Education, Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JAT190076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAT190076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, urushiol-based polybenzoxazine is cured by the Lewis acid (FeCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, AlCl<jats:sub>3,<\/jats:sub> and CuCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) at low temperature instead of high thermal curing temperature. The effect of the Lewis acid on structures and properties of the polymers is revealed. The relating urushiol-based benzoxazine monomer (BZ) was synthesized by natural urushiol, formaldehyde, and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>-octylamine. The monomer was reacted with the Lewis acid with a molar ratio of 6:1 (N<jats:sub>monomer<\/jats:sub>: N<jats:sub>Metal<\/jats:sub>) at 80\u00b0C to obtain films that can be cured at room temperature. The chemical structures of benzoxazine monomers were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-NMR). The interaction between the metal ion and the polymers is revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance-FTIR (ATR-FTIR). The effect of the Lewis acid on the mechanical properties, wettability, and thermal stability was investigated. The results show that the benzoxazine cured by Cu<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> has a better performance than that cured by Al<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> and Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.879605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1651137496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Metal Ion-Catalyzed Low-Temperature Curing of Urushiol-Based Polybenzoxazine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaofeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.01.016","article-title":"Poly(benzoxazine-f-chitosan) Films: The Role of Aldehyde Neighboring Groups on Chemical Interaction of Benzoxazine Precursors with Chitosan","volume":"209","author":"Alhwaige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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