{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:42:22Z","timestamp":1792608142305,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Oligopeptides exhibit great prospects for clinical application and its separation is of great importance in new drug development.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> To accurately predict the retention of pentapeptides with analogous structures in chromatography, the retention times of 57 pentapeptide derivatives in seven buffers at three temperatures and four mobile phase compositions were measured via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The parameters (<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>H<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, and <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>K<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>) of the acid\u2013base equilibrium were obtained by fitting the data corresponding to a sigmoidal function. We then studied the dependence of these parameters on the temperature (T), organic modifier composition (\u03c6, methanol volume fraction), and polarity (<jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> parameter). Finally, we proposed two six-parameter models with (1) pH and T and (2) pH and \u03c6 or <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m10\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> as the independent variables. These models were validated for their prediction capacities by linearly fitting the predicted retention factor k-value and the experimental k-value.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The results showed that <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">log<\/mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>H<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">log<\/mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> exhibited linear relationships with <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m7\"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\/<\/mml:mo><mml:mi>T<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, \u03c6 or <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m8\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula> for all pentapeptides, especially for the acid pentapeptides. In the model of pH and T, the correlation coefficient (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) of the acid pentapeptides was 0.8603, suggesting a certain prediction capability of chromatographic retention. Moreover, in the model of pH and \u03c6 or <jats:inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"m11\"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi><\/mml:msubsup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, the R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> values of the acid and neutral pentapeptides were greater than 0.93, and the average root mean squared error was approximately 0.3, indicating that the k-values could be effectively predicted.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> In summary, the two six-parameter models were appropriate to characterize the chromatographic retention of amphoteric compounds, especially the acid or neutral pentapeptides, and could predict the chromatographic retention of pentapeptide compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1171824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T08:16:03Z","timestamp":1681892163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Simultaneous effect of different chromatographic conditions on the chromatographic retention of pentapeptide derivatives (HGRFG and NPNPT)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanle","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Te","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.04.002","article-title":"Basic and recent advances in marine antihypertensive peptides: Production, structure-activity relationship and bioavailability","volume":"88","author":"Abdelhedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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