{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:27:17Z","timestamp":1788629237797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Graphene and its derivatives have attracted much attention as nanomaterials in bone tissue engineering because of their remarkable ability to induce cell osteogenic differentiation. However, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as graphene derivatives, little is known about their osteodifferentiation- and osteoinduction-promoting capabilities, especially in the restoration of bone defect caused by periodontitis. Therefore, there is a growing need to investigate the effect of GQDs on periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Here, we postulated that GQDs are a promising biocompatible nanomaterial that facilitated the migration and differentiation of PDLSCs, and use laboratory methods like CCK-8, transwell experiments, qRT-PCR, Alizarin red staining and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate. Our experiments confirmed that GQDs did not inhibit cell viability, with most cells remaining viable even at GQDs concentrations of up to 30\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Moreover, GQDs were found to significantly enhance PDLSC migration, with the peak effect observed at concentrations of 5 and 10\u00a0\u03bcg\u00a0mL\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Furthermore, GQDs accelerated osteoblastic differentiation in PDLSCs and induced the mineralization of calcium nodules. Additionally, GQDs were shown to promote fibroblast differentiation in PDLSCs compared to the control group. Thus, GQDs not only possessed low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility, but also displayed the beneficial capability to migration and differentiation of PDLSCs, which indicated GQDs might be a potential nanomaterial for bone regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1213507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T13:32:53Z","timestamp":1699882373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Graphene quantum dots promote migration and differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanshan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yishan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongmin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.03.011","article-title":"Stem cells: their source, potency and use in regenerative therapies with focus on adipose-derived stem cells \u2013 a review","volume":"36","author":"Bacakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.058","article-title":"Chitosan-based scaffolds as drug delivery systems in bone tissue engineering","volume":"1","author":"Bharathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1630","article-title":"Identification of tendon stem\/progenitor cells and therole of the extracellular matrix in their niche","volume":"13","author":"Bi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12245","article-title":"Treatment trends in periodontics","volume":"79","author":"Caffesse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27948","article-title":"Synergistic effect of extracellularly supplemented osteopontin and osteocalcin on stem cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic properties","volume":"120","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.018","article-title":"Graphene quantum dot-decorated luminescent porous silicon dressing for theranostics of diabetic wounds","volume":"131","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12296","article-title":"The role of the microbiota in periodontal disease","volume":"83","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043744","article-title":"The use of collagen-based materials in bone tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01253.x","article-title":"Stem cells in the periodontal ligament","volume":"12","author":"Ivanovski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22770","article-title":"Cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) induces a cementoblastic phenotype and reduces osteoblastic differentiation in periodontal ligament cells","volume":"227","author":"Komaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Physi\u2043ol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9-S16","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.16-0517","article-title":"Periodontal health","volume":"89","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz2630","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz2630","article-title":"Graphene quantum dots as anti-inflammatory therapy for colitis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1039\/c5nr01580d","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide-coated hydroxyapatite composites stimulate spontaneous osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-4923-3_7","article-title":"Graphene-based nanomaterials for biomedical imaging","volume":"1351","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7334","DOI":"10.1021\/nn202190c","article-title":"Origin of enhanced stem cell growth and differentiation on graphene and graphene oxide","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041072","article-title":"Applications of graphene quantum dots in biomedical sensors","volume":"20","author":"Mansuriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00141.x","article-title":"Structure of periodontal tissues in health and disease","volume":"40","author":"Nanci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4670","DOI":"10.1021\/nn200500h","article-title":"Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Nayak","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173-S182","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500770","article-title":"Effects of graphene quantum dots on the self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12086","article-title":"Biomaterials for promoting periodontal regeneration in human intrabony defects: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Sculean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00366-6","article-title":"The principles of directed cell migration","volume":"22","author":"SenGupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238475","article-title":"Frontiers of hydroxyapatite composites in bionic bone tissue engineering","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2005.00331.x","article-title":"The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3225","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase: discovery and naming of our favorite enzyme","volume":"33","author":"Siller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0018","article-title":"Biocompatibility and toxicity of graphene quantum dots for potential application in photodynamic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Tabish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0352","article-title":"Biologics-based regenerative technologies for periodontal soft tissue engineering","volume":"91","author":"Tavelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2022.2060361","article-title":"Vinblastine loaded on graphene quantum dots and its anticancer applications","volume":"39","author":"Thi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110012","article-title":"Cell migration","volume":"2","author":"Trepat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8809","DOI":"10.1039\/c9nr10823h","article-title":"One-stop radiotherapeutic targeting of primary and distant osteosarcoma to inhibit cancer progression and metastasis using 2DG-grafted graphene quantum dots","volume":"12","author":"Tung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-019-0066-x","article-title":"The role of mechanotransduction versus hypoxia during simulated orthodontic compressive strain-an in vitro study of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Ullrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.104649","article-title":"A novel aspect of functionalized graphene quantum dots in cytotoxicity studies","volume":"61","author":"Vahdat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitro"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120504","article-title":"Highly selective antenna effect of graphene quantum dots (GQDs): a new fluorescent sensitizer for rare earth element terbium in aqueous media","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024101","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac4324","article-title":"rBMSC osteogenic differentiation enhanced by graphene quantum dots loaded with immunomodulatory layered double hydroxide nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7992","DOI":"10.1039\/c5nr01107h","article-title":"Graphene and hydroxyapatite self-assemble into homogeneous, free standing nanocomposite hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2155781","article-title":"Preparation, properties, applications and outlook of graphene-based materials in biomedical field: a comprehensive review","volume":"34","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10301","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c03416","article-title":"A microcolumn DC graphene sensor for rapid, sensitive, and universal chemical vapor detection","volume":"21","author":"Zang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.12.001","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of graphene quantum dot toxicity to male mouse sexual behaviors, reproductive and offspring health","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1213507\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T13:32:56Z","timestamp":1699882376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1213507\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2023.1213507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2023.1213507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"article-number":"1213507"}}