{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:50:15Z","timestamp":1792709415868,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K05738 JP23K04955 JP18H04433 JP19H02843 JP22H02213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K05738 JP23K04955 JP18H04433 JP19H02843 JP22H02213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biological membranes consist of integral and peripheral protein-associated lipid bilayers. Although constituent lipids vary among cells, membrane lipids are mainly classified as phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. Phospholipids are further divided into glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids, whereas glycolipids are further classified as glyceroglycolipids and sphingoglycolipids. Both glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids contain diacylglycerol as the common backbone, but their head groups differ. Most glycerolipids have polar head groups containing phosphate esters or sugar moieties. However, trace components termed glycero-glycophospholipids, each possessing both a phosphate ester and a sugar moiety, exist in membranes. Recently, the unique biological activities of glycero-glycophospholipids have attracted considerable attention. In this review, we describe the structure, distribution, function, biosynthesis, and chemical synthetic approaches of representative glycero-glycophospholipids\u2014phosphatidylglucoside (PtdGlc) and enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). In addition, we introduce our recent studies on the rare glycero-glyco\u201cpyrophospho\u201dlipid, membrane protein integrase (MPIase), which is involved in protein translocation across biomembranes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1353688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T23:44:51Z","timestamp":1707349491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Structures, functions, and syntheses of glycero-glycophospholipids"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tsukiho","family":"Osawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohki","family":"Fujikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Shimamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1039\/b414119a","article-title":"A new approach to construct full-length glycosylphosphatidylinositols of parasitic protozoa and [4-deoxy-Man-III]-GPI analogues","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. 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