{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:37:55Z","timestamp":1790815075848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>MAX phases, characterized as nanolaminates of ternary carbides\/nitrides structure, possess a unique combination of ceramic and metallic properties, rendering them pivotal in materials research. In this study, chromium aluminum carbide ternary compounds, Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>AlC (211), Cr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (312), and Cr<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> (413) were successfully synthesized with high purity using a facile and cost-effective sol-gel method. Structural, morphological, and chemical characterization of the synthesized phases was conducted to understand the effects of composition changes and explore potential applications. Comprehensive characterization techniques including XRD for crystalline structure elucidations, SEM for morphological analysis, EDX for chemical composition, Raman spectroscopy for elucidation of vibrational modes, XPS to analyze elemental composition and surface chemistry, and FTIR spectroscopy to ensure the functional groups analysis, were performed. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the high purity of the synthesized Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>AlC phase as well as other ternary compounds Cr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and Cr<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, suggesting its suitability as a precursor for MXenes production. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and biocompatibility assessments against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>), and HepG2 cell line were investigated. The results demonstrated significant antifungal activity of the synthesized phases against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and negligible impact on the viability of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, lower concentrations of Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>AlC MAX phase induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by triggering intercellular oxidative stress, while Cr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and Cr<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>AlC<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to Cr<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>AlC, highlighting their potential in biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1413253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:18:14Z","timestamp":1719983894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Synthesis and characterization of chromium aluminum carbide MAX phases (CrxAlCx-1) for potential biomedical applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahbaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zobia","family":"Zulfiqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.09.003","article-title":"Molten salts electrochemical synthesis of Cr2AlC","volume":"36","author":"Abdelkader","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070967","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic, chemical characterizations, anticancer capacities against HepG-2, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of cefotaxime metal complexes with Ca (II), Cr (III), Zn (II), Cu (II) and Se (IV)","volume":"11","author":"Al-Thubaiti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"161","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of Eclipta alba by well diffusion method","volume":"43","author":"Bakht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Bot."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.14210","article-title":"High\u2010temperature neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and first\u2010principles calculations of Ti3SnC2 and Ti2SnC","volume":"99","author":"Bentzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Raman Spectrosc. first\u2010principles Calc. Ti"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116839","article-title":"Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Cannabis sativa L. resins","volume":"318","author":"Berardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2010.04.036","article-title":"Superconductivity at 7.3 K in Ti2InN","volume":"150","author":"Bortolozo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2007.09.028","article-title":"Superconductivity in the hexagonal-layered nanolaminates Ti2InC compound","volume":"144","author":"Bortolozo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.3c02588","article-title":"Ternary fiber mats of PVDF-HFP\/cellulose\/LiFe5O8 nanoparticles with enhanced electric, magnetoelectric, and antibacterial properties: a promising approach for magnetic and electric field-responsive antibacterial coatings","volume":"6","author":"Chacko","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40145-018-0265-5","article-title":"Incipient low-temperature formation of MAX phase in Cr\u2013Al\u2013C films","volume":"7","author":"Crisan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Ceram."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.11.008","article-title":"Synthesis of high-purity, isotropic or textured Cr2AlC bulk ceramics by spark plasma sintering of pressure-less sintered powders","volume":"35","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7290","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.7290","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization studies of chelating complexes and their applications as antimicrobial agents, DNA binding, molecular docking, and electrochemical studies","volume":"38","author":"El-Zahed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.06.034","article-title":"Molten salt synthesis of MAX phases in the Ti-Al-C system","volume":"38","author":"Galvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2020.06.042","article-title":"Preparation and performance of MAX phase Ti3AlC2 by in-situ reaction of Ti-Al-C system","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.17544","article-title":"Processing of MAX phases: from synthesis to applications","volume":"104","author":"Gonzalez-Julian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1134\/s0020168517030062","article-title":"High-temperature synthesis of a cast material with a maximum content of the MAX phase Cr2AlC","volume":"53","author":"Gorshkov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inorg. Mater."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3103\/s106782121805005x","article-title":"SHS metallurgy of Cr2AlC MAX phase-based cast materials","volume":"59","author":"Gorshkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Non-Ferrous Metals"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1179\/1743676115y.0000000026","article-title":"Synthesis of fine and high purity Cr2AlC powders by novel method","volume":"115","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A605","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2584(93)90851-9","article-title":"XPS investigation of the aC: H\/Al interface","volume":"292","author":"Hauert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00099a003","article-title":"The sol-gel process","volume":"90","author":"Hench","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-04910-w","article-title":"The syntheses of chromium aluminum carbide (Cr2AlC) MAX phase and Cr2CTx MXene and investigation of their antimicrobial properties","author":"Kaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030287","article-title":"Green-synthesized silver and selenium nanoparticles using berberine: a comparative assessment of in vitro anticancer potential on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2)","volume":"13","author":"Khaled","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129967","article-title":"Low cytotoxicity, antibacterial property, and curcumin delivery performance of toughness-enhanced electrospun composite membranes based on poly (lactic acid) and MAX phase (Ti3AlC2). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 129967","volume":"262","author":"Krasian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.127964","article-title":"Synthesis of flaxseed gum\/melanin-based scaffold: a novel approach for nano-encapsulation of doxorubicin with enhanced anticancer activity","volume":"256","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/10408436.2021.1966384","article-title":"Structure and synthesis of MAX phase materials: a brief review","volume":"47","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2017.01.029","article-title":"Deposition of phase-pure Cr2AlC coating by DC magnetron sputtering and post annealing using Cr-Al-C targets with controlled elemental composition but different phase compositions","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corcom.2023.10.001","article-title":"High-performance Cr2AlC MAX phase coatings for ATF application: interface design and oxidation mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corros. Commun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3139\/146.101033","article-title":"In-situ hot pressing\/solid-liquid reaction synthesis of bulk Cr2AlC","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.04.100","article-title":"Fabrication and mechanical properties of high purity of Cr2AlC coatings by adjustable Al contents","volume":"753","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.154003","article-title":"Fabrication of Cr2AlC powder by molten salt electrolysis at 850\u00b0 C with good oxidation resistance","volume":"826","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.08.325","article-title":"Molten salt dynamic sealing synthesis of MAX phases (Ti3AlC2, Ti3SiC2 et al.) powder in air","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024110","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevb.73.024110","article-title":"Compression behavior of M2AlC (M= Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta) phases to above 50 GPa","volume":"73","author":"Manoun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00084433.2023.2251210","article-title":"The effect of milling time and heat treatment on the synthesis of the Cr2AlC MAX phase","author":"Mansouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. Metall. Q."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106294","article-title":"Catalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide by Cr2AlC MAX phase under ultrasound waves for a treatment of water contaminated with organic pollutants","volume":"93","author":"Monireh","year":"","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106294","article-title":"Catalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide by Cr2AlC MAX phase under ultrasound waves for a treatment of water contaminated with organic pollutants","volume":"93","author":"Monireh","year":"","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochemistry"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-023-08286-w","article-title":"Study of MAX phase based Schottky interfacial structure: the case of electron-beam deposited epitaxial Cr2AlC film on p\u2013Si (100)","volume":"58","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033608","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevmaterials.5.033608","article-title":"Stability of Zr-Al-C and Ti-Al-C MAX phases: a theoretical study","volume":"5","author":"Poulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Theor. study. Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.3036","article-title":"First\u2010order Raman scattering of the MAX phases: Ti2AlN, Ti2AlC0. 5N0. 5, Ti2AlC,(Ti0. 5V0. 5) 2AlC, V2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ti3GeC2 43(1), 168-172","volume":"43","author":"Presser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.12617","article-title":"Nonisothermal sintering of Cr2AlC powder","volume":"14","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Synthesis of Ti\u2082AlC, Ti\u2083AlC\u2082 and Ti\u2083SiC\u2082 MAX phase ceramics; and their composites with c-BN","author":"Rampai","year":"2011"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131281","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Cr2AlC MAX phase for photocatalytic applications","volume":"283","author":"Reghunath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.10.072","article-title":"Effect of target peak power density on the phase formation, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of Cr2AlC MAX-phase coatings","volume":"41","author":"Rue\u00df","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"The Elusive member of the Ti-Al-C MAX family-Ti","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ra08779d","article-title":"Innovative microwave-assisted biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles loaded with platinum (ii) based complex for halting colon cancer: cellular, molecular, and computational investigations","volume":"14","author":"Sedky","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131281","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Cr2AlC MAX phase for photocatalytic applications","volume":"283","author":"Shalini Reghunath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.09.077","article-title":"Hot corrosion behavior of Cr2AlC MAX phase and CoNiCrAlY compounds at 950\u00b0 C in presence of Na2SO4+ V2O5 molten salts","volume":"47","author":"Shamsipoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2023.170488","article-title":"Investigating non-isothermal oxidation kinetics of a non-stoichiometrically synthesized Ti3AlC2 MAX phase","volume":"959","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.09.326","article-title":"Non-isothermal oxidation kinetics of nano-laminated Cr2AlC MAX phase","volume":"773","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06456","article-title":"Nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: a literature-based perspective study","volume":"7","author":"Sharmin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2009.05.036","article-title":"Comparative investigation of TiAlC (N), TiCrAlC (N), and CrAlC (N) coatings deposited by sputtering of \u041c\u0410X-phase Ti2\u2212 XCrXAlC targets","volume":"203","author":"Shtansky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1039\/c9tc01416k","article-title":"Sol\u2013gel-based synthesis and enhanced processability of MAX phase Cr2GaC","volume":"7","author":"Siebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11007","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c02230","article-title":"Chromium carbide nanosheets prepared by selective etching of aluminum from Cr2AlC for hydrazine detection","volume":"3","author":"Soundiraraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.71.012103","article-title":"Vibrational behavior of the Mn phases from first-order Raman scattering Raman scattering (M= Ti, V, Cr,= Ti, V, Cr, A= Si, X= C, N)","volume":"71","author":"Spanier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280410y.0000000001","article-title":"Progress in research and development on MAX phases: a family of layered ternary compounds","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2020.1819547","article-title":"Pressureless manufacturing of Cr2AlC compound and the temperature effect","volume":"36","author":"Ta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj2.18184","article-title":"Synthesis and tribological properties of ultrafine Cr2AlC MAX phase","volume":"127","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2008.05.001","article-title":"Synthesis reactions of Cr2AlC from Cr\u2013Al4C3\u2013C by pulse discharge sintering","volume":"62","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf6771","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf6771","article-title":"Deviating from the pure MAX phase concept: radiation-tolerant nanostructured dual-phase Cr2AlC","volume":"7","author":"Tunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01281.x","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Ti3AlC2","volume":"83","author":"Tzenov","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2013.07.045","article-title":"Ion sputter-deposition and in-air crystallisation of Cr2AlC films","volume":"100","author":"Vishnyakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12040713","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, photocatalysis, and antibacterial study of WO3, MXene and WO3\/MXene nanocomposite","volume":"12","author":"Warsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.09.012","article-title":"Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure","volume":"196","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01196-3","article-title":"Nanometre-scale 3D defects in Cr2AlC thin films","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.07.052","article-title":"Effect of ball milling treatment on the microstructures and properties of Cr2AlC powders and hot pressed bulk ceramics","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112575","article-title":"Biological synthesis, characterization of three metal-based nanoparticles and their anticancer activities against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells","volume":"223","author":"Younas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.04.058","article-title":"Conditions for formation of MAX phase Cr2AlC in electrospark coatings deposited onto titanium alloy","volume":"298","author":"Zamulaeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2013.08.002","article-title":"Pulsed electrospark deposition of MAX phase Cr2AlC based coatings on titanium alloy","volume":"235","author":"Zamulaeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.08.039","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of MAX phase Cr2AlC based composite coatings by plasma spraying and post annealing","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.157896","article-title":"High antioxidant lamellar structure Cr2AlC: dielectric and microwave absorption properties in X band","volume":"860","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2024.1413253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1719983898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2024.1413253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2024.1413253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2024.1413253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"article-number":"1413253"}}