{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:44:54Z","timestamp":1790563494265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Natural dyes offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic colorants in textile processing. This study explores the sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk, and leather using pigment-rich extracts from\n                      <jats:italic>Bixa orellana<\/jats:italic>\n                      seeds, with a focus on process optimization and antibacterial efficacy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using an array of extraction solvents [water, methanol, ethanol, ethanol: methanol (1:1)] and extraction techniques [direct heat (DH), ultrasonic water bath (USB), ultrasonic probe, (USP)],\n                      <jats:italic>Bixa orellana<\/jats:italic>\n                      seeds were utilized to produce a yellow-orange dye. The color strength of the extracted dye was investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance wavelength. The functional groups identified in the extracted natural dye were described using an FTIR spectrophotometer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using methanol as the solvent and 5 g of seed at 60\u00b0C for 60 min, the highest color yield was observed in USB. Using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing method at 60\u00b0C for 40 min without using any moderant, cotton, silk fabric, and leather were effectively colored in a yellow-orange color. The L*, a*, and b* values of the dyed material treated using the USB approach were 80.95, 4.52, 75.35 for cotton, 88.65, -1.35, 62.85 for silk, and 79.55, 015.35, 66.45 for leather, respectively. Compared to the other bacterial reduction, 85.25% of the colored materials showed substantial antibacterial action against\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (76.69%),\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (75.83%),\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (74.24%), and\n                      <jats:italic>Micrococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (74.21%) were the following most prevalent bacteria. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) measurements showed that leather and cotton treated with\n                      <jats:italic>B. orellana<\/jats:italic>\n                      seed dye had higher UV radiation shielding properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1474160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:51:55Z","timestamp":1746175915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk and leather using natural dye from Bixa orellana seeds: extraction, optimization and assessment of antibacterial activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Moorthy","family":"Muruganandham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuvaraj","family":"Tamilselvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanagasabapathy","family":"Sivasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palanivel","family":"Velmurugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Oleyan Al-Otibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subpiramaniyam","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of herbal lipstick from color pigments of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) seeds","volume":"4","author":"Aher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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