{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:49:54Z","timestamp":1753890594481,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extraction is the core process for obtaining bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Enhancing the extraction efficiency of aromatic herbs has become a critical challenge. This study introduced a novel freeze-pressure regulated extraction (FE) technique to improve the extraction efficiency of Gui Zhi (GZ). Compared to traditional methods, FE yielded a significantly lower pH of 4.74, a higher zeta potential of \u221213.93\u00a0mV, and a smaller average particle size of 304.57\u00a0nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) confirmed that FE creates larger pores and an expanded surface area, facilitating more effective compound release. HPLC analysis indicated that FE increased the cinnamaldehyde content from 348.53 to 370.20\u00a0\u03bcg\/g. UPLC-MS analysis further demonstrated that FE is more effective for extracting volatile and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of GZ extract on a wind-cold syndrome model was investigated. FE significantly alleviated symptoms and restored lung tissue integrity, through the regulation of the citric acid cycle and thiamine metabolism pathways. The findings not only support the application of FE technology in herbal extraction but also offer novel approaches for the efficient utilization of herbs like GZ in modern medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1581429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T05:23:42Z","timestamp":1745558622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of freeze-pressure regulated extraction technology on the physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities of guizhi extract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huiling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juanzhen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinzhao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040834","article-title":"Antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activity of ultrasonic nanoemulsion of cinnamomum Cassia L. Essential oil","volume":"12","author":"Alam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.62347\/kykr6707","article-title":"Efficacy of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation nursing in enhancing pulmonary function, sleep quality, and living ability in COVID-19 patients","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.4268\/cjcmm20160801","article-title":"Research strategies in standard decoction of medicinal slices","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Materia Medica"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100445","article-title":"Extrusion puffing pretreated cereals for rapid production of high-maltose syrup","volume":"15","author":"Chien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17111505","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of eugenol: an update","volume":"17","author":"Damasceno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0218-5","article-title":"Application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"13","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101546","article-title":"Effectiveness of sustainable oil extraction techniques: a comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.070","article-title":"Mechanisms of pore formation in hydrogel scaffolds textured by freeze-drying","volume":"94","author":"Grenier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117156","article-title":"Deciphering the antifungal mechanism and functional components of cinnamomum cassia essential oil against Candida albicans through integration of network-based metabolomics and pharmacology, the greedy algorithm, and molecular docking","volume":"319","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365949","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1365949","article-title":"Advances in pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of cinnamaldehyde","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.03.002","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1\u03b2-induced cyclooxygenase-2 activity in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"537","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121508","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on nano-microparticle formation during supercritical antisolvent process using mixed solvent: application for enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of telmisartan through particle-size control based on experimental design","volume":"16","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/pm.pm_97_17","article-title":"Optimization for decocting later of menthae herba in eungyo-san, a herbal formula, using response surface methodology with gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"14","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156049","article-title":"Baicalein ameliorates SEB-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in a microbiota-dependent manner","volume":"135","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.019","article-title":"Extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials using combination of various novel methods: a review","volume":"119","author":"Jha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04554-7","article-title":"Optimization of the extraction process for Shenshou Taiyi powder based on Box-Behnken experimental design, standard relation, and FAHP-CRITIC methods","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Med. Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-023-01319-9","article-title":"Health oil preparation from gardenia seeds by aqueous enzymatic extraction combined with puffing pre-treatment and its properties analysis","volume":"32","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156261","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions of covalent-reactive cinnamyl compounds within Cinnamomum cassia","volume":"136","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2022.100829","article-title":"Review on essential oil extraction from aromatic and medicinal plants: techniques, performance and economic analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scp.2023.101270","article-title":"A hydrodistillation-based essential oils extraction: a quest for the most effective and cleaner technology","volume":"36","author":"Katekar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01517-9","article-title":"Pharmacological insights and role of bufalin (bufadienolides) in inflammation modulation: a narrative review","volume":"32","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134452","article-title":"Recent advancements and applications of explosion puffing","volume":"403","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118222","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde: an effective component of Cinnamomum cassia inhibiting Helicobacter pylori","volume":"330","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00301-x","article-title":"Effect of freeze-thaw and PEF pretreatments on the kinetics and microstructure of convective and ultrasound-assisted drying of orange peel","volume":"8","author":"Llavata","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114265","article-title":"Freezing pre-treatment improves radio frequency explosion puffing (RFEP) quality by altering the cellular structure of purple sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.]","volume":"184","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5364(19)30086-x","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine extraction method by ethanol delivers drug-like molecules","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88233-8","article-title":"The effects of experimental conditions on extraction of polyphenols from African Nutmeg peels using NADESs-UAE: a multifactorial modelling technique","volume":"15","author":"Okeke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111310","article-title":"Integrating deep learning and near-infrared spectroscopy for quality control of traditional Chinese medicine extracts","volume":"205","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202200089","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202200089","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium\u2010induced colitis in mice by modulating TLR4\/NF\u2010\u03baB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. and Biodivers."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233830","article-title":"Optimization of variable-temperature pressure-difference puffing drying process for persimmon chips using response surface methodology","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-023-03607-9","article-title":"Practical advice on scientific design of freeze-drying process: 2023 update","volume":"40","author":"Tchessalov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110685","article-title":"Activity-based protein profiling technology reveals malate dehydrogenase as the target protein of cinnamaldehyde against Aspergillus Niger","volume":"417","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115704","article-title":"Revealing the active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine decoction by the supramolecular strategies and multitechnologies","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.191","article-title":"Cinnamon cassia oil chitosan nanoparticles: physicochemical properties and anti-breast cancer activity","volume":"224","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79482-0","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tenebrio molitor","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234321","article-title":"Novel efficient physical technologies for enhancing freeze drying of fruits and vegetables: a review","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04754-w","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis provides insights into aromatic volatiles formation in Cinnamomum cassia bark at different harvesting times","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00382","article-title":"Trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase: effects on Streptococcus mutans carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9420045","DOI":"10.26599\/fmh.2025.9420045","article-title":"Effect of different drying and grinding techniques on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of fungal polysaccharides","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food and Med. Homol."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Based on the rat model of wind-cold superficies syndrome model to explore the effect of the ascending and floating of ephedrae herba on the efficacy of tongxuan lifei prescription","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mod. Traditional Chin. Med. Materia Medica-World Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0177-x","article-title":"Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118151","article-title":"Cinnamaldehyde changes the dynamic balance of glucose metabolism by targeting ENO1","volume":"258","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764904","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.764904","article-title":"Metabolomics study of guizhi fuling capsules in rats with cold coagulation dysmenorrhea","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190913151632","article-title":"Natural polysaccharides with immunomodulatory activities","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini-Reviews Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2025.1581429\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T05:23:43Z","timestamp":1745558623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2025.1581429\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2025.1581429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2025.1581429","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2646"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"article-number":"1581429"}}