{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:55:25Z","timestamp":1791251725717,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013093","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Shenzen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted significant interest due to their diverse biological applications. However, the potential for NPs synthesis using plant resources from\n                    <jats:italic>Vicia monantha<\/jats:italic>\n                    Retz remains largely unexplored. Notably, this study marks the first use of this specific plant for the biosynthesis of chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs). In the present study, the single phase of Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    was confirmed at a calcination temperature 700 \u00b0C for the synthesized NPs. The crystallite sizes increased from 14\u00a0nm to 20\u00a0nm with the increase in the calcination temperature to 900 \u00b0C for 2\u00a0h. Ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV\u2013VIS) light spectroscopy revealed that the samples are semiconductor materials, according to the observed values of energy band gap. The developed Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs did not show any toxicity toward NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. The results demonstrated that Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs exhibited good antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and two fungal strains (\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus sp<\/jats:italic>\n                    .), producing clear inhibition zones of 0.26\u00a0cm, 0.21\u00a0cm, 0.28\u00a0cm, and 0.3\u00a0cm, respectively, after 24\u00a0h. The Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs exhibit successful green synthesis, notable biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties, making them highly promising for various applications and opening possibilities for the utilization of nanoparticles in antimicrobial systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1584199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T05:40:57Z","timestamp":1758692457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sustainable biosynthesis, physiochemical characterization, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel chromium oxide nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ezzat H.","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Abd elfadeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad A.","family":"Ewais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taher M.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Fathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Mohammad","family":"Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Zong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045008","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/aca0ef","article-title":"Synthesis, structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of Li2\u22122xNixAl2xFe2\u22122xO4, (x = 0,0.4, and 0.5) nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Abd elfadeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. 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