{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:13:35Z","timestamp":1782742415309,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PAT5452224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAT5452224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria, are a leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, often causing severe complications. With no vaccine available and concerns about potential antibiotic resistance, the need for novel treatments is urgent. Dehydrogenation polymer of coniferyl alcohol in alginate hydrogel (DHP\/Alg) has not yet been tested against chlamydial infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cytotoxicity of DHP\/Alg on A2EN genital epithelial cells was assessed by measuring cell viability. To investigate its effects on\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cells, we employed flow cytometry-based assays, fluorescence microscopy, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additionally, adhesion assays were performed to examine whether DHP\/Alg interferes with\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      entry into host cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No cytotoxic effects of DHP\/Alg in tested concentrations on A2EN cells were observed, confirming its safety. Infection and adhesion assays demonstrated a significant reduction in infection levels, suggesting that DHP\/Alg directly targets\n                      <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                      elementary bodies, thereby disrupting their ability to adhere and initiate infection. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that 75\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL DHP\/Alg is the most effective dose evaluated to reduce chlamydial infection\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as indicated by the decreased number of inclusions. These findings were further confirmed by qPCR analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that DHP\/Alg is a promising therapeutic option against chlamydial infections. The significant reduction in adhesion levels indicates that DHP\/Alg effectively interferes with the initial stages of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1654478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T11:47:14Z","timestamp":1760096834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial effects of coniferyl alcohol-derived dehydrogenation polymer on chlamydial infection in vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Pfundner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Weinmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Geissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Virology, Vaccines and Sera \u2013 Torlak","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragica","family":"Spasojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenija","family":"Radotic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Schabussova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Wiedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Inic-Kanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(19)30279-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the chlamydia vaccine candidate CTH522 adjuvanted with CAF01 liposomes or aluminium hydroxide: a first-in-human, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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