{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T20:40:07Z","timestamp":1770496807169,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01ES033390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01ES033390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the performance of three carbonyl collection media that are frequently used in electronic cigarette (e-cig) studies, namely: 2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) silica impregnated cartridges (C), a DNPH-coated glass fiber filter (DF), and an impinger with a DNPH solution (I).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These collection methods were tested with a \u2018mod\u2019 and a \u2018pod\u2019 e-cigs that represent devices producing different amounts of e-cig aerosols. The tests were performed using two different puff topography regimes to investigate the effect of puff flow rate on carbonyl collection efficiency. Carbonyls emitted from the e-cigs were collected using I-I (two impingers in series), C (a single DNPH cartridge), and DF-C (a DNPH filter followed by a DNPH cartridge). Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measured carbonyl levels varied between the three methods. For both devices, the highest values were measured with C and DF-C. Results from the \u2018pod\u2019 device measured with I-I were comparable with the other methods, but lower than the other two methods for the \u2018mod\u2019 device. For example, 1 LPM \u2018mod\u2019 acetaldehyde emissions measured with C (0.09 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b5g\/puff) and DF-C (0.14 \u00b1 0.09 \u00b5g\/puff) were significantly higher (p = 0.06 and 0.04, respectively) than I-I method (0.05 \u00b1 0.02 \u00b5g\/puff).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The likely cause for the underestimation by the I-I method is the inefficient collection of particle phase bound carbonyls by the impingers and, possibly, wall losses in the inlet of the impinger. Based on our results, C provides the best approach for carbonyl collection in e-cig aerosols, while I-I that is used in the standard testing method can underestimate carbonyl emissions when measuring high concentration aerosols such as those produced by \u2018mod\u2019 devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1694858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T06:34:58Z","timestamp":1764138898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of carbonyl collection methods in electronic cigarette aerosols"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bianca","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeongkwon","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Khlystov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7225a1","article-title":"E-cigarette unit sales by product and flavor type, and top-selling brands, United States, 2020-2022","volume":"72","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR-Morb Mortal. 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