{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:24:32Z","timestamp":1790011472930,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut Och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003847","name":"Ningbo Municipal People\u2019s Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This report presents an in-depth investigation of four stacking configurations of the van der Waals heterostructure (vdW-HS) of Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , conducted to explore their potential for green energy applications. The vdW-HS Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    has a negligible lattice mismatch of 0.23% between the constituent monolayers, guaranteeing high structural compatibility. The dynamic stability has been confirmed by the phonon band structure, which has no imaginary frequencies throughout the full Brillouin zone. From the electronic band structure analyses, it has been confirmed that all stacking configurations yield identical band characteristics along with an indirect band gap of 0.88\u00a0eV calculated by using the Heyd\u2212Scuseria\u2212Ernzerhof (HSE06) functional with spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Remarkably, this vdW-HS displayed type-I band alignment, the electrons tunnel directly from the VBM to CBM of Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    monolayer, allowing efficient carrier confinement and recombination, which is advantageous for advanced optoelectronic applications. Moreover, the electronic band edges of the vdW-HS Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    demonstrate its high suitability for photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), but not for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The latter unsuitability of the considered vdW-HS is also confirmed by \u0394G\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    &amp;gt; 0.2 or \u0394G\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    &amp;lt; \u22120.2\u00a0eV for all possible sites at the surface of the heterostructure. The considered vdW-HS has a significant static dielectric constant of 4.72, along with noticeable optical absorption in the visible spectrum and intense absorption of 1.50 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the ultraviolet region. The spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) of \u223c32% is higher than other highly appreciated thin-film photo-responsive absorber materials such as CuInSe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u223c28%) and CdTe (\u223c31.5%). The n-type carriers have a higher value of Seebeck coefficient as compared to p-type carriers, which confirms that n-type doping will be more beneficial than p-type. The lattice thermal conductivity \u03ba\n                    <jats:sub>ph<\/jats:sub>\n                    of the vdW-HS Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    is 8.41\u00a0W\/mK at room temperature, which is at least 2.5 and 4.6 times lower than the lattice thermal conductivity of Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively. These results highlight the potential of the vdW-HS Ti\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/HfSi\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    N\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a highly suitable candidate for next-generation optical absorbers and thermoelectric materials for green energy technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:10:13Z","timestamp":1782252613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Promising multifunctional van der waals heterostructure Ti2CO2\/HfSi2N4 for photovoltaics and photocatalytic OER"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Umair","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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