{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:24:29Z","timestamp":1787055869434,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor markers are critical for early cancer diagnosis and directly influence treatment outcomes and patient survival. Although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) show satisfactory selectivity in clinical applications, their limited sensitivity for low-abundance biomarkers, relatively long assay time, and reproducibility issues have promoted the development of advanced immunosensing platforms. Recent progress in nanomaterial synthesis has improved immunosensor performance by enhancing antibody immobilization, electron transfer, catalytic activity, signal amplification, photoelectric conversion, and luminescence efficiency. This review summarizes nanomaterial-enhanced immunosensors for clinically relevant tumor biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), cancer antigen 153 (CA153), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), cancer antigen 199 (CA199), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). To reduce repetition and emphasize analytical performance rather than nominal material categories, this review adopts a platform-centered and mechanism-oriented framework. Electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, and chemiluminescent immunosensors are compared as major signal transduction platforms, with representative nanomaterials discussed according to their roles in antibody immobilization, electron-transfer acceleration, catalytic amplification, charge separation, luminescence regulation, magnetic enrichment, and interface stabilization. In addition, cross-platform comparisons of sensitivity, detection limit, specificity, recovery, assay time, storage stability, cost, scalability, and clinical applicability are provided to clarify the translational value of different sensing strategies. This comparative analysis highlights that clinical applicability is primarily determined by integrated platform performance, including sensitivity, stability, manufacturability, and compatibility with point-of-care testing, rather than by the use of a specific nanomaterial alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:27:53Z","timestamp":1787052473000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advances in nanomaterial-enhanced immunosensors for ultra-sensitive tumor marker detection: Enabling early cancer diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute","place":["Shenyang, Liaoning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0088","article-title":"Tumor markers. Introduction","volume":"9","author":"Abelev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2016.02.025","article-title":"Deposition of MnO2 nanoparticles on the magnetic halloysite nanotubes by hydrothermal method for lead(II) removal from aqueous solutions","volume":"63","author":"Afzali","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1159\/000516957","article-title":"Associations of serum tumor biomarkers with integrated genomic and clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Ahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2532-5","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor for the breast cancer marker CA 15-3 based on the catalytic activity of a CuS\/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite towards the electrooxidation of catechol","volume":"185","author":"Amani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2023.108589","article-title":"Nitrogen-enhanced carbon quantum dots mediated immunosensor for electrochemical detection of HER2 breast cancer biomarker","volume":"155","author":"Amir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04890-2","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for the determination of CA15-3 and CA72-4 using graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with CdSe quantum dots and Ru(bpy)(3) complex","volume":"188","author":"Asbaghian-Namin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111066","article-title":"Fabrication of a sensitive label free electrochemical immunosensor for detection of prostate specific antigen using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/polyaniline\/AuNPs","volume":"115","author":"Assari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00659","article-title":"Amine-Functionalized MoO3@RGO nanohybrid-based biosensor for breast cancer detection","volume":"2","author":"Augustine","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123436","article-title":"Spatially hierarchical nano-architecture for real time detection of Interleukin-8 cancer biomarker","volume":"246","author":"Azzouzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.04.140","article-title":"Electrophoretic behavior of solvothermal synthesized anion replaced Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)4 films for photoelectrochemical water splitting","volume":"43","author":"Badkoobehhezaveh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2021.119562","article-title":"A label-free electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for carbohydrate antigen 153 based on polypyrrole-luminol-AuNPs nanocomposites with bi-catalysis","volume":"253","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9519","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1013745","article-title":"SnSe nanocrystals: synthesis, structure, optical properties, and surface chemistry","volume":"132","author":"Baumgardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-013-9444-6","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) in cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"32","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117030","article-title":"Employing Pd nanoparticles decorated on halloysite nanotube\/carbon composite for electrochemical aptasensing of HER2 in breast cancer patients","volume":"237","author":"Bi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14946","article-title":"Label-Free electrochemical immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of carbohydrate antigen 125 based on antibody-immobilized biocompatible MOF-808\/CNT","volume":"13","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05344-z","article-title":"Electrochemical \u03b1-fetoprotein immunosensor based on Fe(3)O(4)NPs@covalent organic framework decorated gold nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles including SiO(2)@TiO(2)","volume":"189","author":"B\u00f6l\u00fckba\u015fi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22114","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c03106","article-title":"Photocatalysis of TiO(2) sensitized with graphitic carbon nitride and electrodeposited aryl diazonium on screen-printed electrodes to detect prostate specific antigen under visible light","volume":"14","author":"Bott-Neto","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"30","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness considerations with molecular diagnostics in oncology","volume":"48","author":"Brunstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"MLO Med. Lab. Obs."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c05005","article-title":"High-Entropy oxide for highly efficient luminol\u2013dissolved oxygen electrochemiluminescence and biosensing applications","volume":"94","author":"Bushira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02640-w","article-title":"Large-scale pancreatic cancer detection via non-contrast CT and deep learning","volume":"29","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.01.003","article-title":"Disposable inkjet-printed electrochemical platform for detection of clinically relevant HER-2 breast cancer biomarker","volume":"104","author":"Carvajal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123730","article-title":"CA125 and ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Charkhchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i11.2066","article-title":"Tumor circulome in the liquid biopsies for digestive tract cancer diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29066","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c06793","article-title":"CdS quantum-dots-decorated V(2)O(5) nanosheets as chemically etchable active materials for sensitive photoelectrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05332-3","article-title":"A label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on a gold-vertical graphene\/TiO(2) nanotube electrode for CA125 detection in oxidation\/reduction dual channels","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114974","article-title":"Two-channel electrochemical immunosensor based on one-step-synthesized AuPt-boron-doped graphene electrode for CA153 detection","volume":"222","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.125755","article-title":"A dual-electrode label-free immunosensor based on in situ prepared Au-MoO(3)-Chi\/porous graphene nanoparticles for point-of-care detection of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"272","author":"Cotchim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8494","DOI":"10.1021\/ac070923d","article-title":"Versatile immunosensor using CdTe quantum dots as electrochemical and fluorescent labels","volume":"79","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b01126","article-title":"Neutral charged immunosensor platform for protein-based biomarker analysis with enhanced sensitivity","volume":"4","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1039\/c9an02633a","article-title":"Enzymatic deposition of gold nanoparticles at vertically aligned carbon nanotubes for electrochemical stripping analysis and ultrasensitive immunosensing of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"145","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.11.057","article-title":"Pt \u2013 g-C3N4 \u2013 (Au\/TiO2): electronically integrated nanocomposite for solar hydrogen generation","volume":"43","author":"Devaraji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11531","DOI":"10.1039\/c6nr01543c","article-title":"The polyvinylpyrrolidone functionalized rGO\/Bi2S3 nanocomposite as a near-infrared light-responsive nanovehicle for chemo-photothermal therapy of cancer","volume":"8","author":"Dou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881960","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.881960","article-title":"A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor using antibody-conjugated Pt-Doped CdTe QDs as enzyme-free labels for sensitive HER2 detection based on a magnetic framework","volume":"10","author":"Ehzari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120641","article-title":"Enzyme-free sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for highly sensitive prostate specific antigen based on conjugation of quantum dots and antibody on surface of modified glassy carbon electrode with core-shell magnetic metal-organic frameworks","volume":"210","author":"Ehzari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.1039\/b820895f","article-title":"Charge separation and photocurrent polarity-switching at CdS quantum dots assembly in polyelectrolyte interfaced with hole scavengers","volume":"11","author":"El Harakeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.117890","article-title":"Controlled fabrication of gold nanobipyramids\/polypyrrole for shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect \u03b3-aminobutyric acid","volume":"229","author":"El-Said","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.04.016","article-title":"Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions--a comparison of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced CT","volume":"82","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2016.17.1.323","article-title":"Tissue CA125 and HE4 gene expression levels offer superior accuracy in discriminating benign from malignant pelvic masses","volume":"17","author":"Fawzy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1563-2571.2001.01008.x","article-title":"Tumor markers","volume":"28","author":"Fiebiger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Med. Austriaca"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14223","article-title":"Biology and significance of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Galle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01126","article-title":"3-Polythiophene acetic acid nanosphere anchored few-layer graphene nanocomposites for label-free electrochemical immunosensing of liver cancer biomarker","volume":"7","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16103733","article-title":"SERS immunosensors for cancer markers detection","volume":"16","author":"Geka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.02.057","article-title":"A novel electrochemical sensor based on silver\/halloysite nanotube\/molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite for efficient nitrite sensing","volume":"109","author":"Ghanei-Motlagh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06469-z","article-title":"An electrochemical immunosensor based on MXene-GQD\/AuNPs for the detection of trace amounts of CA-125 as specific tracer of ovarian cancer","volume":"191","author":"Gharehaghaji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05718-x","article-title":"Highly sensitive photoelectrochemical immunosensor for detecting cancer marker CA19-9 based on a new SnSe quantum dot","volume":"190","author":"Gholamin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000267","article-title":"Preoperative\/neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of response and resection percentages","volume":"7","author":"Gillen","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4058","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28319","article-title":"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 6","volume":"119","author":"Hajdu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13085","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra00134e","article-title":"An ionic liquid-molecularly imprinted composite based on graphene oxide for the specific recognition and extraction of cancer antigen 153","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1039\/c8tb03195a","article-title":"A universal photoelectrochemical biosensor for dual microRNA detection based on two CdTe nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater Chem. B"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25566-8","article-title":"Digital immunoassay for biomarker concentration quantification using solid-state nanopores","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.11-6-541","article-title":"Uses and abuses of tumor markers in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of primary and metastatic breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Henry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101017","article-title":"Age-specific breast and ovarian cancer risks associated with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 pathogenic variants - an Asian study of 572 families","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West Pac"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137154","article-title":"An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor for bisphenol A based on aptamer-modified MrGO@AuNPs and ssDNA-functionalized AuNP@MBs synergistic amplification","volume":"311","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.084","article-title":"Serum levels of \u03b1-Fetoprotein increased more than 10 years before detection of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6890","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236890","article-title":"Multiplexed nanobiosensors: current trends in early diagnostics","volume":"20","author":"Jarockyte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9880-6","article-title":"Glycans and glycoproteins as specific biomarkers for cancer","volume":"409","author":"Kailemia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.05.005","article-title":"Wearable biosensors for cancer detection and monitoring","volume":"215","author":"Kashaninejad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126243","article-title":"Manganese oxide anchored on carbon modified halloysite nanotubes: an electrochemical platform for the determination of chloramphenicol","volume":"615","author":"Kesavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2024.108863","article-title":"Development of label-free immunosensors based on AuNPs-fullerene nanocomposites for the determination of cancer antigen 125","volume":"163","author":"Kilimci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00457-x","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer epidemiology: understanding the role of lifestyle and inherited risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Klein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-023-00760-9","article-title":"Microfluidics-based nanobiosensors for healthcare monitoring","volume":"66","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2018.2505","article-title":"Immunosensors based on nanomaterials for detection of tumor markers","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2016.10.002","article-title":"Standards and Guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of sequence variants in cancer: a joint consensus recommendation of the Association for molecular pathology, American Society of clinical oncology, and college of American pathologists","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7327","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217327","article-title":"Recent progress in biosensors for detection of tumor biomarkers","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203890","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203890","article-title":"Hollow nanomaterials in advanced drug delivery systems: from Single-to multiple shells","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2024.101237","article-title":"Clinical applications of circulating tumor DNA in hematological malignancies: from past to the future","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1021\/prechem.4c00096","article-title":"Multiplex detection of biomarkers empowered by nanomaterials","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Precis. Chem."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2351","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer: prediction, detection and monitoring","volume":"8","author":"Lilja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99498-0","article-title":"Biocompatible graphene-zirconia nanocomposite as a cyto-safe immunosensor for the rapid detection of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123912","article-title":"A sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for the detection of CA15-3 based on CeO(2)\/Pt\/rGO as a novel co-reaction accelerator","volume":"253","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05387-2","article-title":"Hemin-graphene oxide-gold nanoflower-assisted enhanced electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for determination of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00697-4","article-title":"Microfluidic biosensors for biomarker detection in body fluids: a key approach for early cancer diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.12.080","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescent immunosensing of prostate-specific antigen based on silver nanoparticles-doped Pb (II) metal-organic framework","volume":"79","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.04.052","article-title":"A label-free electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for glutamate decarboxylase antibody detection on AuNPs supporting interface","volume":"186","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127815","article-title":"Hierarchical porous MXene\/amino carbon nanotubes-based molecular imprinting sensor for highly sensitive and selective sensing of fisetin","volume":"309","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11071757","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensors with PQQ-Decorated carbon nanotubes as signal labels for electrocatalytic oxidation of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02913308","article-title":"Tumour markers: an overview","volume":"22","author":"Malati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. biochem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-05145-w","article-title":"A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on Au-rGO composite for CA15-3 tumor marker detection","volume":"189","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000089260","article-title":"Tumor markers in breast cancer- European Group on Tumor Markers recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Molina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05680-8","article-title":"Chitosan\/luminol\/AgNPs nanocomposite for electrochemiluminescent determination of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"190","author":"Nasrollahpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.1039\/d3ay00702b","article-title":"An electrochemical immunosensor for an alpha-fetoprotein cancer biomarker on a carbon black\/palladium hybrid nanoparticles platform","volume":"15","author":"Olorundare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01755","article-title":"Biodegradable, biocompatible, and implantable multifunctional sensing platform for cardiac monitoring","volume":"9","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7159","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00075","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-Based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis and environmental remediation: are we a step closer to achieving sustainability?","volume":"116","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1320","article-title":"Nanomaterials, inflammation, and tissue engineering","volume":"7","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21889","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: comparison of gadolinium-enhanced dynamic MRI with MR cholangiopancreatography versus MDCT","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson Imaging"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18992","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b04478","article-title":"Enhanced pseudocapacitance of MoO3-Reduced graphene oxide hybrids with Insight from density functional theory investigations","volume":"121","author":"Pathak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06485-z","article-title":"Tetrahedral DNA-linked aptamer-antibody-based sandwich-type electrochemical sensor with Ag@Au core-shell nanoparticles as a signal amplifier for highly sensitive detection of \u03b1-fetoprotein","volume":"191","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.125606","article-title":"Ratiometric electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of CA199 based on the ratios of NiCo@Fc-MWCNTs-LDH and 3D-rGOF@Ag\/Au complexes","volume":"272","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b01607","article-title":"A novel carbon quantum Dots signal amplification strategy coupled with sandwich Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for the detection of CA15-3 in human serum","volume":"4","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123684","article-title":"Ionic liquid functionalized trapezoidal Zn-MOF nanosheets integrated with gold nanoparticles for photoelectrochemical immunosensing alpha-fetoprotein","volume":"253","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b00989","article-title":"Bioresponsive release System for visual fluorescence detection of carcinoembryonic antigen from mesoporous Silica nanocontainers mediated optical color on quantum dot-enzyme-impregnated paper","volume":"89","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2022.113261","article-title":"Sandwich-type immunosensor based on COF-LZU1 as the substrate platform and graphene framework supported nanosilver as probe for CA125 detection","volume":"504","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202300625","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202300625","article-title":"Electrochemical nanobiosensor of ionic liquid functionalized MoO(3)-rGO for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"89","author":"Ranjan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chempluschem"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900344","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.900344","article-title":"Development of nanomaterials to target articular cartilage for osteoarthritis therapy","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1166","article-title":"Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: global trends, etiology and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Oncol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.09.009","article-title":"Graphene quantum dots as a new substrate for immobilization and direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase: application to sensitive glucose determination","volume":"41","author":"Razmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.343397","article-title":"Label-free differential chemiluminescent immunosensor based on magnetic nanoparticles CuFe(2)O(4)@ABEI-GNPs with dual catalytic sites","volume":"1333","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.1282","article-title":"Alpha-fetoprotein response after locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: oncologic marker of radiologic response, progression, and survival","volume":"27","author":"Riaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2021.107846","article-title":"An ultrasensitive disposable sandwich-configuration electrochemical immunosensor based on OMC@AuNPs composites and AuPt-MB for alpha-fetoprotein detection","volume":"141","author":"Rong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2013.11.002","article-title":"The ErbB\/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer","volume":"79","author":"Roskoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.113755","article-title":"A sensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor using nitrogen-doped graphene\/metal-organic framework-derived CuMnCoO(x) and Au\/MXene for the detection of breast cancer biomarker","volume":"234","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.09.006","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers in breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Seale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.12.013","article-title":"A one-step electrochemiluminescence immunosensor preparation for ultrasensitive detection of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 based on multi-functionalized graphene oxide","volume":"66","author":"Sha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-05120-5","article-title":"Graphene-PtPd nanocomposite for low-potential-driven electrochemiluminescent determination of carcinoembryonic antigen using Ru(bpy)(3)(2)","volume":"189","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14905","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02715","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic performance of the Graphene-V2O5 nanocomposite in the degradation of Methylene blue dye under direct sunlight","volume":"7","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c02237","article-title":"Aggregation-Induced emission luminogen-based dual-mode enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarkers in a broad concentration range","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-013-0259-5","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum tumor markers for gastric cancer: a systematic review of literature by the Task Force of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association","volume":"17","author":"Shimada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-022-05317-2","article-title":"Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene","volume":"189","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19733-z","article-title":"A comparative Study of aptasensor Vs immunosensor for label-free PSA cancer detection on GQDs-AuNRs modified screen-printed electrodes","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0086","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen","volume":"9","author":"Stenman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S142149","article-title":"Biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and recurrence monitoring of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c00273","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of ovarian cancer-concerned HE4 and CA125 markers based on Cu single-atom-triggered CdS QDs and Eu MOF@Isoluminol ECL","volume":"95","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117113","article-title":"A biosensor based on graphene oxide nanocomposite for determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer biomarker","volume":"238","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.01.066","article-title":"Nanomaterials for early detection of cancer biomarker with special emphasis on gold nanoparticles in immunoassays\/sensors","volume":"68","author":"Viswambari Devi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70011","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Wagle","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225702","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/22\/22\/225702","article-title":"Synthesis of one-dimensional TiO2\/V2O5 branched heterostructures and their visible light photocatalytic activity towards Rhodamine B","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.03.021","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor with graphene quantum dots and apoferritin-encapsulated Cu nanoparticles double-assisted signal amplification for detection of avian leukosis virus subgroup J","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i29.4808","article-title":"FDG-PET in diagnosis, staging and prognosis of pancreatic carcinoma: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-8053","article-title":"CA125-Tn ELISA assay improves specificity of pre-operative diagnosis of ovarian cancer among patients with elevated serum CA125 levels","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114220","article-title":"Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen detection based on pillar[5]arene-functionalized Au nanoparticles and hollow PANI hybrid BiOBr heterojunction","volume":"208","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c07031","article-title":"Single-Molecule liquid biopsy detects Low- and high-abundance protein markers simultaneously for pancreatic cancer diagnosis","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14070356","article-title":"AI-Assisted detection of biomarkers by sensors and biosensors for early diagnosis and monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124492","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor based on Fe(3)O(4)\/MWCNTs-COOH\/AuNPs nanocomposites for trace liver cancer marker alpha-fetoprotein detection","volume":"259","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.127299","article-title":"Collard-like Bi(2)S(3)@Au nanocomposites-based label free electrochemical immunosensor for quantitative detection of CA19-9","volume":"285","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2025.05.011","article-title":"Wearable biosensors: a comprehensive overview","volume":"215","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.24976\/discov.med.202436186.122","article-title":"Nanomaterial-Mediated immunosensors and their performance in detecting tumor markers","volume":"36","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c02066","article-title":"A carbonate-involved amplification strategy for cathodic electrochemiluminescence of Luminol triggered by the catalase-like CoO nanorods","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12215","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03139","article-title":"A cathodic \u201cSignal-off\u201d photoelectrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of oxytetracycline","volume":"87","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185895","article-title":"Disposable amperometric label-free immunosensor on chitosan-graphene-modified patterned ITO electrodes for prostate specific antigen","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-019-2272-4","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic framework coated titanium dioxide nanorod array p\u2013n heterojunction photoanode for solar water-splitting","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126893","article-title":"A disposable ultrasensitive immunosensor based on MXene\/NH(2)-CNT modified screen-printed electrode for the detection of ovarian cancer antigen CA125","volume":"281","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15100656","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted nanosensors for clinical diagnostics: current advances and future prospects","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-021-04735-y","article-title":"Sensitive sandwich-type voltammetric immunosensor for breast cancer biomarker HER2 detection based on gold nanoparticles decorated Cu-MOF and Cu(2)ZnSnS(4) NPs\/Pt\/g-C(3)N(4) composite","volume":"188","author":"Yola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10110185","article-title":"Recent advances in MXene nanocomposite-based biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030313","article-title":"Epidermal wearable biosensors for monitoring biomarkers of chronic disease in sweat","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-4295(00)01053-0","article-title":"Endoscopic detection of transitional cell carcinoma with 5-aminolevulinic acid: results of 1012 fluorescence endoscopies","volume":"57","author":"Zaak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11720","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403408y","article-title":"Using graphene-based plasmonic nanocomposites to quench energy from Quantum dots for Signal-On Photoelectrochemical aptasensing","volume":"85","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2018.12.019","article-title":"Construction of Pt-decorated g-C3N4\/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme composite with superior solar photocatalytic activity toward rhodamine B degradation","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188503","article-title":"Roles of CA125 in diagnosis, prediction, and oncogenesis of ovarian cancer","volume":"1875","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06706-5","article-title":"Construction of electrochemical immunosensor from MXene\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/gold nanoparticles for specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06712-7","article-title":"Electrochemical immunosensor based on PtNPs\/MoS(2)@rGO composite for the detection of alpha-fetoprotein in human serum","volume":"191","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Mikrochim. Acta"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14110540","article-title":"Recent advance in single-molecule fluorescent biosensors for tumor biomarker detection","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Biosens. (Basel)."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5858","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2019.16513","article-title":"Synthesis of Fe-Fe3O4\/rGO composite with heterostructure through room-temperature reduction as photo-fenton catalyst","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2021.41.1.25","article-title":"Application of next generation sequencing in laboratory medicine","volume":"41","author":"Zhong","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113389","article-title":"A dual-signal self-checking photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on the sole composite of MIL-101(Cr) and CdSe quantum dots for the detection of \u03b1-fetoprotein","volume":"189","author":"Zhong","year":"","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.127223","article-title":"Nanochannel confined graphene quantum dots\/platinum nanoparticles boosts electrochemiluminescence of luminal-O(2) system for sensitive immunoassay","volume":"285","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124134","article-title":"PB@PDA nanocomposites as nanolabels and signal reporters for separate-type cathodic photoelectrochemical immunosensors in the detection of carcinoembryonic antigens","volume":"254","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849931\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T11:27:55Z","timestamp":1787052475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849931\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1849931","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1849931"}}