{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:47:27Z","timestamp":1782254847112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic systems for making sulfur-containing heterocycles remains an important goal in synthetic chemistry. Here we describe a new hybrid nanocatalyst, Bis-GO@SiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    @[(CH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Im][Cl], that combines bis-functionalized graphene oxide, a silica coating, and an immobilized imidazolium-based ionic liquid. This material works as a highly active and recyclable platform for the multicomponent synthesis of 2-thioarylbenzoazoles. The method tolerates a wide range of substrates and gives consistently high isolated yields, between 90% and 97%, for a library of 20 different derivatives. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for six consecutive cycles without any notable drop-in activity. Using potassium carbonate as a base in DMF at 50\u00a0\u00b0C, the catalyst directly couples benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles or benzothiazoles with aryl halides and elemental sulfur (S\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) under very mild conditions. The whole process follows a three-component reaction strategy and gives a wide range of structurally diverse 2-thioarylbenzoazole derivatives in high to excellent yields. The immobilized ionic liquid layer, together with the high-surface-area graphene oxide\u2013silica support, helps disperse the active sites, improves their accessibility, and enhances stability. Various characterization techniques confirmed that the nanocatalyst had been successfully prepared and that its structure remained intact. By combining simple operation, a low reaction temperature, and catalyst recyclability, this method offers a practical and greener alternative to existing ways of making these valuable heterocyclic scaffolds, which should be of interest for applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1856254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:10:14Z","timestamp":1782252614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bis-GO@SiO2@[(CH2)3Im][Cl] nanocatalyst: a mild, reusable, and sustainable multicomponent platform for the synthesis of 2-thioarylbenzoazoles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yongshan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Technology, Sichuan Technology and Business College","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2025.100597","volume":"22","author":"Abushuhel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.02.006","article-title":"Graphene oxide incorporated functional materials: a review","volume":"145","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1080\/10406638.2023.2283623","volume":"44","author":"Al-Dolaimy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polycycl. Aromat. Compd"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ctppc.2023.013","article-title":"Ionic liquids: a green solvent for organic synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Amrutkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Pharm. Pharm. Chem."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-023-05205-1","article-title":"Carbon-based catalysts: advances in synthesizing N-heterocyclic compounds using graphene family and graphite oxide","volume":"50","author":"Beigiazaraghbelagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2012.12.063","article-title":"Synthesis of azo benzothiazole polymer and its application of 1 \u00d7 2 Y-branched and 2 \u00d7 2 mach\u2013zehnder interferometer switch","volume":"124","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gce.2021.01.004","article-title":"Revisiting greenness of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Green Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32845-6","article-title":"Magnetic graphene derivates for efficient herbicide removal from aqueous solution through adsorption","volume":"31","author":"da Rosa Salles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1021\/jo202624s","article-title":"Lewis acid-catalyzed, Copper(II)-Mediated synthesis of heteroaryl thioethers under base-free conditions","volume":"77","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.20.21","article-title":"Copper-catalyzed multicomponent reaction of \u03b2-trifluoromethyl \u03b2-diazo esters enabling the synthesis of \u03b2-trifluoromethyl N,N-diacyl-\u03b2-amino esters","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10060651","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11164-026-05972-7","article-title":"Sustainable synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thiones catalyzed by biodegradable and recyclable choline chloride","volume":"52","author":"Gavali","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35480f","article-title":"Nano-magnetite (Fe3O4) as a support for recyclable catalysts in the development of sustainable methodologies","volume":"42","author":"Gawande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00620","article-title":"Noncovalent functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide for energy materials, biosensing, catalytic, and biomedical applications","volume":"116","author":"Georgakilas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.120395","article-title":"Magnetic ionic liquids as catalysts in organic reactions","volume":"367","author":"Gholinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-019-0238-3","article-title":"Emerging trends in the syntheses of heterocycles using graphene-based carbocatalysts: an update","volume":"377","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-012-1101-0","article-title":"Benzothiazole and indole based dye sensor: optical switching functions with pH stimuli","volume":"13","author":"Gwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fiber Polym."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500411q","article-title":"Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids","volume":"115","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7454","DOI":"10.1039\/d5cc01342a","article-title":"Electrochemical reaction of indole-tethered alkynes enabling stereoselective synthesis of iodovinyl spiroindolenine-cyclopentanes","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2013.06.104","article-title":"N-heterocyclic carbene copper(I) complex-catalyzed direct C\u2013H thiolation of benzothiazoles","volume":"54","author":"Inomata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8444","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200800473","article-title":"Heterocycles as key substrates in multicomponent reactions: the fast Lane towards molecular complexity","volume":"14","author":"Isambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-6151-4","volume":"28","author":"Jaleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1080\/00397911.2017.1369544","article-title":"Green synthetic approaches for biologically relevant organic compounds","volume":"47","author":"Jangale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synth. Commun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122398","article-title":"Recent advances in the application of deep eutectic solvents for the synthesis of spiro heterocyclic scaffolds via multicomponent reactions","volume":"385","author":"Javahershenas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.07.015","article-title":"Application of spinel ferrite nanoparticles in water and wastewater treatment: a review","volume":"188","author":"Kefeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2014.10.059","article-title":"A comprehensive review in current developments of benzothiazole-based molecules in medicinal chemistry","volume":"89","author":"Keri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081909","volume":"25","author":"Kerru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128646","volume":"270","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.125927","article-title":"Effects of external additives: biochar, bentonite, phosphate, on co-composting for swine manure and corn straw","volume":"248","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2019.09.004","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents and their applications as green solvents","volume":"21","author":"Perna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201702623","article-title":"Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles: a robust and magnetically recoverable catalyst for direct C\u2010H bond selenylation and sulfenylation of benzothiazoles","volume":"3","author":"Rafique","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8999","DOI":"10.1021\/jo2017444","article-title":"Copper-mediated C-H activation\/C-S cross-coupling of heterocycles with thiols","volume":"76","author":"Ranjit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010078","volume":"25","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.119104","volume":"357","author":"Sainz-Urruela","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra08798d","article-title":"Research on transition metals for the multicomponent synthesis of benzo-fused \u03b3-lactams","volume":"15","author":"Sead","year":"","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3928","DOI":"10.1039\/d4ra08769k","article-title":"Magnetically recoverable catalysts for efficient multicomponent synthesis of organosulfur compounds","volume":"15","author":"Sead","year":"","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Catal. Surv. Asia","author":"Sead","year":""},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2025.101653","article-title":"ZnFe2O4-SiO2@PC-Ni nanoparticles for one-pot, solvent-free synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by A3 coupling reactions under ultrasound conditions","volume":"102","author":"Sead","year":"","journal-title":"J. Indian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"e202500024","article-title":"ChemistryOpen","author":"Sead","year":""},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.12.181","article-title":"Ionic liquids as transesterification catalysts: applications for the synthesis of linear and cyclic organic carbonates","volume":"12","author":"Selva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.968","article-title":"Graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide: robust, 2D material as heterogeneous green catalyst for heterocyclic synthesis","volume":"43","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6611","DOI":"10.1039\/c6ob00936k","article-title":"Modern advances in heterocyclic chemistry in drug discovery","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00594","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01929","article-title":"Ru\/CeO2 catalyst with optimized CeO2 support morphology and surface facets for propane combustion","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.04.018","article-title":"Bimetallic cerium and ferric oxides nanoparticles embedded within mesoporous carbon matrix: electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of carbohydrate antigen 19-9","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02285-10","volume":"49","author":"Xa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60449g","article-title":"Recent progress in metal\u2013organic complexes for optoelectronic applications","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138999","article-title":"Swine manure valorization for phosphorus and nitrogen recovery by catalytic-thermal hydrolysis and struvite crystallization","volume":"729","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1856254\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:10:15Z","timestamp":1782252615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1856254\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2026.1856254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1856254","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"1856254"}}