{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:44Z","timestamp":1788419804412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Green-synthesized metal nanoparticles, primarily derived from plant sources, have attracted interest due to their inherent sustainability. In this study, we reported the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using an aqueous extract of dried lemon peel. In addition, antibacterial activity and\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis of the as-prepared ZnO NPs were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Zeta potential were used to confirm the synthesis of ZnO NPs using lemon peel extract. MIC and disk diffusion assays were performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs. In silico target prediction and protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the lemon peel extract were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multiple characterization techniques demonstrate the production of ZnO NPs from the lemon peel extract as a capping and stabilizing agent. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varying from 5 to 15\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was evaluated by well and disc diffusion assays at different concentrations, confirming its antibacterial activity. Biofilm inhibition was observed at concentrations of 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and 75\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. In addition,\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      target prediction and PPI network analysis of major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals (eriocitrin, hesperidin, and pectin), which may remain associated with the biosynthesized nanoparticles as capping or stabilizing agents, revealed interactions with multiple bacterial proteins, particularly in\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with significant enrichment in nucleotide biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and central carbon metabolism pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the results suggest that biogenic ZnO NPs exhibit strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. Computational analyses further indicate that major lemon peel-derived phytochemicals associated with nanoparticle synthesis may contribute to antibacterial activity through interactions with multiple bacterial metabolic pathways, alongside established ZnO-mediated mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and zinc ion release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1880575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:44:39Z","timestamp":1788417879000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A green approach for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles utilizing aqueous extract of lemon peel: antibacterial evaluation and in silico analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdullah Mohammed","family":"Alrashadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshid","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Sri Pratap College","place":["Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh Mohammed","family":"Al-Maaqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligence Informatics Technology, Sangmyung University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam","place":["Gadong, Brunei"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maqsood Ahmad","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid Rasool","family":"Kamli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081444","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of zno nanoparticles using pelargonium odoratissimum (l.) aqueous leaf extract and their antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"11","author":"Abdelbaky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-75247-6_10","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of agricultural waste-derived carbon nanomaterials (AWD-CNMs) for tissue engineering application","volume-title":"Waste-Derived Carbon Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications.","author":"Abdelmonem","year":"2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: impacts and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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