{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:49:22Z","timestamp":1785937762851,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AMR and oxidative stress are among the most pressing biomedical challenges, requiring structurally novel multi-target bioactive molecules.\n                      <jats:italic>Cistus ladanifer<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. is an ethnobotanical resource whose polarity-resolved phytochemical profile remains largely incomplete.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>C. ladanifer<\/jats:italic>\n                      leaves (Rmilate forest, Tangier) were fractionated by sequential Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol, water) and evaluated by phytochemical quantification, FTIR, GC-MS, four antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC), antibacterial well-diffusion\/microdilution (\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), antifungal assays (\n                      <jats:italic>T. rubrum, M. canis, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and ADMET\/docking of four marker compounds (EOMCP, DHMAQ, esculin, diosgenin).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A strict polarity-dependent gradient was observed, with the aqueous fraction showing the highest phenolic (140 mg GAE\/g DW), flavonoid (148 mg QE\/g DW), and tannin (210 mg TAE\/g DW) content; strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.09 mg\/mL; FRAP = 65.25 mg TE\/g DW); lowest MIC (0.25 mg\/mL, bactericidal, MBC\/MIC \u22644); and highest antifungal inhibition (86.0% against\n                      <jats:italic>T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      at 4 mg\/mL). Diosgenin showed the strongest docking affinity against CYP51B (5FRB, \u221212.7\u00a0kcal\/mol), exceeding the reference ligand.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings establish a polarity\u2013activity framework supporting\n                      <jats:italic>C. ladanifer's<\/jats:italic>\n                      valorization as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal resource, pending cytocompatibility and\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      evaluation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1909751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:25:11Z","timestamp":1785936311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sequential soxhlet fractionation of Cistus ladanifer L. reveals a polarity\u2013activity gradient: GC-MS profiling, multimechanistic bioactivity, and in silico identification of antifungal and antibacterial lead compounds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bahia","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment (LAMSE), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier","place":["Tangier, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oussama","family":"Khibech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment (LCAE), Faculty of Science, University Mohammed Premier","place":["Oujda, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amena","family":"Mrabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment (LAMSE), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier","place":["Tangier, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaber","family":"Maataoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment (LAMSE), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier","place":["Tangier, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Kchikich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Sheep and Goat Association (ANOC)","place":["Mers ElKheir, Skhirat-Temara, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaaty A.","family":"Shahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Medicinal, Aromatic, and Poisonous Plants, DSR, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashed N.","family":"Herqash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Medicinal, Aromatic, and Poisonous Plants, DSR, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe Miantezila","family":"Basilua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Mathematics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Cit\u00e9 University","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bouhrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University","place":["Beni Mella, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmae","family":"El Cadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment (LAMSE), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier","place":["Tangier, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Khaddor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment (LAMSE), Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier","place":["Tangier, Morocco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/187764","article-title":"Exploring the bioactive potential of Cistus ladanifer leaves from northern Morocco (Tangier)","volume":"25","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. 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