{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:58:34Z","timestamp":1790611114156,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activated carbon (AC) is widely recognized material for its high porosity, expansive specific surface area, and an exceptional adsorption capacity. To explore these traits, the impregnation of magnetic particles into AC matrix has emerged as a key innovative strategy to produce composites with enhanced performance as adsorbents or catalysts. The literature survey indicates a surge in publications post-2010, to produce adsorbents of high capacity and selectivity as dominant subject areas. The resulting AC magnetic composites (ACMCs) simplifies the recovery via an external magnetic field and extend ACMCs to other application beyond traditional water treatment. The applications of ACMCs have primarily centered on adsorption, to remove both organic and inorganic pollutants, these composites have shown remarkable performance as catalysts, biocatalyst support, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. In most applications, iron and iron oxides have served as the main magnetic materials. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse synthesis pathways used to fabricate ACMCs, alongside the essential characterization techniques required to evaluate their structural and chemical properties. Furthermore, it summarizes the kinetic and isotherm models applied to ACMCs systems, while exploring how statistical tools and machine learning methods are being deployed to optimize operational parameters. This unpreceded integration of structural, kinetic, and optimization offers a definitive roadmap of ACMCs literature since the year 2000, serving as a vital cornerstone for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1931555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:33:17Z","timestamp":1790609597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent advances in activated carbon magnetic composites (ACMCs): synthesis, characterization, performance as efficient adsorbents and other applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Al-Qodah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Eskhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaid A.","family":"Al-Anber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad T.","family":"Shawaqfeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2023.101420","article-title":"Crystal violet removal using bimetallic Fe0\u2013Cu and its composites with fava bean activated carbon","volume":"20","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10110563","article-title":"Enhancing trace metal extraction from wastewater: magnetic activated carbon as a high-performance sorbent for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry analysis","volume":"10","author":"Abell\u00e1n-Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1745199","article-title":"Efficiency of activated carbon prepared from scrap tires magnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles: characterisation and its application for removal of reactive blue19 from aquatic solutions","volume":"102","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14010034","article-title":"Utilization of tires waste-derived magnetic-activated carbon for the removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2024.2397636","article-title":"Magnetic solid phase extraction of methiocarb pesticide from food samples prior to HPLC analysis with magnetic activated carbon cloth\/zinc aluminate (magnetic ACC@ZnAl2O4) composite","volume":"48","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. and Relat. Technol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-026-37655-6","article-title":"Pharmaceutical adsorption and ex-situ electro-regeneration performance of magnetically modified activated carbon","volume":"33","author":"Ahmed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103329","article-title":"Ultrasonic assisted magnetic solid phase extraction based on the use of magnetic waste-tyre derived AC modified with methyltrioctylammonium chloride adsorbent for the preconcentration and analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Akawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arabian J. Chem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-007-0352-6","article-title":"Hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of G\u2013S magnetically stabilized beds consisting of admixtures of shale oil and magnetic particles","volume":"44","author":"Al-Busoul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/cjce.5450780304","article-title":"Hydrodynamic behaviour of a magneto airlift column in a transverse magnetic field","volume":"78","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"","journal-title":"Can. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s004490050736","article-title":"Antibiotics production in a fluidized bed reactor utilizing a transverse magnetic field","volume":"22","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"","journal-title":"Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1336506","article-title":"The effect of magnetic field on local heat transfer coefficient in fluidized beds with immersed heating surface","volume":"123","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Heat Transf."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/s1385-8947(00)00142-x","article-title":"Phase holdup and gas-to-liquid mass transfer coefficient in magneto stabilized G-L-S airlift fermenter","volume":"79","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.02004.x","article-title":"Separation of yeast cells from aqueous solutions using magnetically stabilized fluidized beds","volume":"43","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/s1369-703x(00)00095-4","article-title":"Modeling of antibiotics production in magneto three-phase airlift fermenter","volume":"7","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/s0032-5910(00)00282-5","article-title":"Hydro-thermal behavior of magnetically stabilized fluidized beds","volume":"115","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2015.01.004","article-title":"Characteristics of a novel low density cell-immobilized magnetic supports in liquid magnetically stabilized beds","volume":"97","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2017.02.003","article-title":"Immobilized enzymes bioreactors utilizing a magnetic field: a review","volume":"121","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2016-0059","article-title":"On the performance of immobilized cells bioreactors utilizing a magnetic field: a review","volume":"12","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100333","article-title":"Processing and characterization of magnetic composites of activated carbon, fly ash, and beach sand as adsorbents for Cr(VI) removal","volume":"7","author":"Al-Qodah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071361","article-title":"Magnetic Mg-Fe\/LDH intercalated activated carbon composites for nitrate and phosphate removal from wastewater: insight into behavior and mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alagha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100049","article-title":"Fabrication of magnetic activated carbon from corn-cob biomass for the removal of acidic dyes from wastewater","volume":"317","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27001","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03372-6","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin adsorption using magnetic and ZnO nanoparticles supported activated carbon derived from Azolla filiculoides biomass","volume":"14","author":"Alameri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15077-x","article-title":"Lead ferrite-activated carbon magnetic composite for efficient removal of phenol from aqueous solutions: synthesis, characterization, and adsorption studies","volume":"12","author":"Allahkarami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27507-5","article-title":"Toward a mechanistic understanding of adsorption behavior of phenol onto a novel activated carbon composite","volume":"13","author":"Allahkarami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amm.897.68","article-title":"Potential-magnetic composite of Fe3O4\/Activated carbon from palm oil shell","volume":"897","author":"Allwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2024.2381688","article-title":"Batch adsorptive removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous phase using magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite prepared from walnut shells by ZnCl2-FeCl3 activation","volume":"105","author":"Altamer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2017.03.035","article-title":"Effective removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using magnetic loaded activated carbon as novel adsorbent","volume":"122","author":"Alt\u0131nt\u0131g","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/01496390600997807","article-title":"Application of magnetically stabilized fluidized beds for cell suspension filtration from aqueous solutions","volume":"42","author":"Al\u2010Qodah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13253","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2026.13253","article-title":"Recent advances in MnFe2O4\/Activated carbon composites for environmental and energy applications: a comprehensive review on synthesis, characterization, and performance","volume":"23","author":"Amili","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107397","article-title":"Facile synthesis and characterization of polymer composites with cobalt ferrite and biomass based activated carbon for microwave absorption","volume":"37","author":"Anjana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2023.103095","article-title":"Enhanced removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous systems using coated magnetic nanoparticles in activated carbon derived from corncob waste","volume":"40","author":"Arul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surfaces Interfaces"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-01975-7","article-title":"Synthesis and efficacy of magnetic activated carbon nanocomposite as a recyclable catalyst for degradation of tetracycline","volume":"15","author":"Asadzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750380","article-title":"Kinetics of phase change. I general theory","volume":"7","author":"Avrami","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750631","article-title":"Kinetics of phase change. II transformation\u2010time relations for random distribution of nuclei","volume":"8","author":"Avrami","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750872","article-title":"Granulation, phase change, and microstructure kinetics of phase change. III","volume":"9","author":"Avrami","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135566","article-title":"A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes","volume":"306","author":"Azam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"Activated Carbon Composites for Air Separation","author":"Baker","year":"2007"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28698-9","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted abamectin removal using magnetic activated carbon from orange peel embedded in chitosan hydrogel beads","volume":"15","author":"Barzegarzadeh","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpta.2025.101048","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted removal of chlorpyrifos using magnetic activated carbon\u2013 carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel beads derived from orange peel waste","volume":"12","author":"Barzegarzadeh","year":"","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101229","article-title":"Broadband microwave absorption and improved electromagnetic performance of iron oxide\u2013activated carbon hybrid composites in the Ku-band","volume":"9","author":"Bello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.01.089","article-title":"Comparing physisorption and chemisorption solid sorbents for use separating CO2 from flue gas using temperature swing adsorption","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2024.117502","article-title":"Adsorption of Rhodamine B, methyl Orange, and phenol separately in aqueous systems by magnetic activated carbon: optimization by central composite design","volume":"307","author":"Bouider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1960.10489912","article-title":"Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables","volume":"2","author":"Box","year":"1960","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00067.x","article-title":"On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions","volume":"13","author":"Box","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4642","article-title":"Statistics versus machine learning","volume":"15","author":"Bzdok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5b01141","article-title":"Magnetic activated carbon derived from biomass waste by concurrent synthesis: efficient adsorbent for toxic dyes","volume":"4","author":"Cazetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. and Eng."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.497","article-title":"Removal of Cr(VI) by magnetic Fe\/C crosslinked nanoparticle for water purification: rapid contaminant removal property and mechanism of action","volume":"78","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.121004","article-title":"Removal of fluoride from wastewater with the Mg\/Al impregnated adsorbent prepared from Chinar leaves: adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"271","author":"Dar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c08820","article-title":"Activated carbon from Banana Pseudostem: multivariate optimization of synthesis and adsorption study for phosphorus removal","volume":"11","author":"de Souza Luz Faria","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102023","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and application based on environmental perspective","volume":"14","author":"Deivasigamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100746","article-title":"Efficient red azo dye removal from wastewater using magnetic nanoparticle impregnated Prosopis juliflora biomass: ANN modeling approach","volume":"320","author":"Deivayanai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clce.2025.100210","article-title":"Sustainable adsorption technologies for textile dye removal: advances in biomass-derived and magnetically modified activated carbons","volume":"12","author":"El Meziani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00908016","article-title":"Theory of adsorption from nonelectrolyte solutions on solid adsorbents\u20141. Simplified analysis of the equation of the adsorption isotherm from solutions","volume":"11","author":"Elovich","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2024.116131","article-title":"A maghemite (\u03b3-Fe2O3) incorporated activated carbon photocatalytic nanocomposite fabricated via Co-precipitation utilized against degradation of methyl orange","volume":"157","author":"Faheem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4326939","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4326939","article-title":"Utilization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) impregnated activated carbon for removal of hexavalent chromium","volume":"2022","author":"Farhana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.26554\/sti.2024.9.1.129-136","article-title":"Selective removal of anionic and cationic dyes using magnetic composites","volume":"9","author":"Fitri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Indonesia"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-018-0145-2","article-title":"Removal characteristics of chromium by activated carbon\/CoFe2O4 magnetic composite and phoenix dactylifera stone carbon","volume":"35","author":"Foroutan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131632","article-title":"Impact of ZnO and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoscale on the methyl violet 2B removal efficiency of the activated carbon oak wood","volume":"286","author":"Foroutan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.037","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of NiFe2O4\/activated carbon composite as potential magnetic adsorbent for removal of ibuprofen and ketoprofen pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions","volume":"229","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions2020010","article-title":"Magnetically recoverable and reusable antimicrobial nanocomposite based on activated carbon, magnetite nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles for water disinfection","volume":"2","author":"Furlan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inventions"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133555","article-title":"Removal of mercury (II) from aqueous solution by powdered activated carbon nanoparticles prepared from beer barley husk modified with Thiol\/Fe3O4","volume":"1267","author":"Gheitasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201500925","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles modified with carbon quantum nanodots for the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the suzuki reaction in aqueous media under mild conditions","volume":"8","author":"Gholinejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2026.109518","article-title":"Green synthesis of magnetic activated carbon-chitosan composite for multi-heavy metal removal","volume":"214","author":"Goren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13030397","article-title":"Carbon dioxide capture through physical and chemical adsorption using porous carbon materials: a review","volume":"13","author":"Gunawardene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116149","article-title":"Effective removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by ZnCl2 modified biochar: effects and response sequence of the functional groups","volume":"334","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clce.2022.100028","article-title":"Buoyant oleophilic magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles for oil spill cleanup","volume":"2","author":"Hammouda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.14710\/jksa.23.12.440-448","article-title":"Preparation of composite derived from banana peel activated carbon and MgFe2O4 as magnetic adsorbent for methylene blue removal","volume":"23","author":"Hardian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Kim. Sains Apl."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89129-3","article-title":"Usage of magnetic activated carbon as a potential adsorbent for aniline adsorption from wastewater","volume":"15","author":"Hashemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2024.110995","article-title":"Fabrication of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon as novel composites for high efficient ultra violet-light photocatalysis for degradation of aqueous organic pollutants","volume":"144","author":"Hemalatha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1205\/095758298529326","article-title":"Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by wood","volume":"76","author":"Ho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30400-y","article-title":"Ultradeep oxidative desulfurization of heavy oil in oscillatory and laminar baffled reactors using polyactive magnetic activated carbon catalyst","volume":"16","author":"Humadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceja.2025.100956","article-title":"Multifunctional magnetic activated carbon for antibiotic capture and antibacterial activity: influence of microwave, ultrasound, and classical dispersion methods","volume":"24","author":"Iles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J. Adv."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wri.2018.10.001","article-title":"Development of iron oxide\/activated carbon nanoparticle composite for the removal of Cr(VI), Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution","volume":"20","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Industry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.132842","article-title":"Enhanced adsorption for malachite green by functionalized lignin magnetic composites: optimization, performance and adsorption mechanism","volume":"1260","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2017.12.005","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4\/activated carbon nanocomposites with high surface area as recoverable adsorbents","volume":"90","author":"Juang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201400568","article-title":"Pb(II) adsorption onto a magnetic composite of activated carbon and superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: experimental and modeling study","volume":"43","author":"Kakavandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clean. \u2013 Soil, Air, Water"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.19184\/jobc.v3i1.282","article-title":"Adsorption of methylene blue by magnetic activated carbon\/chitosan composites prepared from spent coffee grounds","volume":"3","author":"Kartika Santosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biobased Chem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-021-0972-4","article-title":"Date seed activated carbon decorated with CaO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a reusable sorbent for removal of formaldehyde","volume":"39","author":"Khaleghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.3390\/su14126991","article-title":"Mg-Al layered double hydroxide doped activated carbon composites for phosphate removal from synthetic water: adsorption and thermodynamics studies","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-024-02225-z","article-title":"Magnetic pomegranate peels activated carbon (MG-PPAC) composite for acid Orange 7 dye removal from wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Khalil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2026.115702","article-title":"Surface functionalized magnetic activated carbon for efficient p-nitrophenol removal: surface interactions, adsorption mechanism, and reusability","volume":"54","author":"Kodandoor","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5732","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2022.2130061","article-title":"Removal of acid blue 113 from aqueous medium using a novel magnetic adsorbent derived from activated carbon fiber","volume":"104","author":"Kord Mostafapour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B83","first-page":"255","article-title":"Adsorption study of various dyes on activated carbon Fe3O4 magnetic nano composite","volume":"13","author":"Krishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01501332","article-title":"About the theory of So-Called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"K. Sven. Vetenskapsakademiens Handl."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/environments11050102","article-title":"Iron oxide-activated carbon composites for enhanced microwave-assisted pyrolysis of hardwood","volume":"11","author":"Lataf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environments"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2018.1541414","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of a novel magnetic activated carbon\/clay composite for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution","volume":"40","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dispersion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2020.1837172","article-title":"One-step ZnCl2\/FeCl3 composites preparation of magnetic activated carbon for effective adsorption of rhodamine B dye","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.035","article-title":"Understanding the adsorption mechanism of phenol and 2-nitrophenol on a biopolymer-based biochar in single and binary systems via advanced modeling analysis","volume":"371","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2025.131540","article-title":"Magnetic activated carbon composites for adsorptive removal of dioxi","volume":"348","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123679","article-title":"Magnetic activated carbon for improving the removal of antibiotics by heterogeneous solar photo-Fenton at circumneutral pH","volume":"281","author":"Lima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00381","article-title":"Mechanism of arsenic adsorption on magnetite nanoparticles from water: thermodynamic and spectroscopic studies","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129581","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of cationic heavy metals and arsenic from drinking water by an activated carbon supported nanoscale zero-valent iron and nanosilver composite","volume":"650","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.112","article-title":"Iron modified chitosan\/coconut shell activated carbon composite beads for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution","volume":"224","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2021.1897118","article-title":"Magnetic iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4) supported on activated carbon as a hybrid adsorbent for desulphurisation of liquid fuels","volume":"103","author":"Louis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.06.009","article-title":"High effective adsorption of organic dyes on magnetic cellulose beads entrapping activated carbon","volume":"171","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2021.09.011","article-title":"Enhancing adsorption efficiencies of organic molecules through covalently bonded structures of magnetic carbon nanoparticles","volume":"105","author":"Luu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Industrial Eng. Chem."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.04.008","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of methylene blue by magnetic activated carbon particles in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed","volume":"186","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19492","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra01564h","article-title":"Magnetic solid-phase extraction of caffeine from surface water samples with a micro\u2013meso porous activated carbon\/Fe3O4 nanocomposite prior to its determination by GC-MS","volume":"11","author":"Manousi","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092257","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle-containing supports as carriers of immobilized enzymes: key factors influencing the biocatalyst performance","volume":"11","author":"Matveeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s44296-024-00047-3","article-title":"Magnetic hydrochar for sustainable wastewater management","volume":"3","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Mater. Sustain."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202200454","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202200454","article-title":"Magnetic coconut shell-derived activated carbon adorned with Cu2O nanoparticles: a green and efficient porous catalyst for N-Arylation of Hetero-Aromatics in eutectic medium","volume":"7","author":"Mirshafiee","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"B102","article-title":"Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated media using magnetized activated carbon composite","volume-title":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering. 2022","author":"Mirzaee","year":"2022"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2021.102174","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of recoverable activated carbon\/Fe3O4 composites for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution","volume":"25","author":"Mirzaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. and Innovation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.12.073","article-title":"Biohydrogen production with utilisation of magnetite nanoparticles embedded in granular activated carbon from coconut shell","volume":"48","author":"Mohd Jamaludin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-024-01611-x","article-title":"Efficient and low-cost mesoporous magnetic carbon composites derived from date palm stones for environmental remediation of hexavalent chromium","volume":"31","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.154942","article-title":"Fast and efficient removal of phenol by magnetic activated carbon-cobalt nanoparticles","volume":"832","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.03.008","article-title":"Magneto-inductive open-cell cellular carbon composites with activated carbon as guest phase: guefoams for energy-efficient VOCs management","volume":"48","author":"Molina-Jord\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20684","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c01905","article-title":"Application of efficient magnetic particles and activated carbon for dye removal from wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Moosavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004951","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004951","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle composites: synergistic effects and applications","volume":"8","author":"Mourdikoudis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2020.07.036","article-title":"The performance of activated carbon\/NiFe2O4 magnetic composite to retain heavy metal ions from aqueous solution","volume":"29","author":"Moussa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.05.053","article-title":"A comparative study of As(III) and As(V) in aqueous solutions and adsorbed on iron oxy-hydroxides by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"44","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B112","volume-title":"Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective","author":"Murphy","year":"2012"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-024-01354-5","article-title":"Synthesis of magnetic activated carbons derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus peel with different magnetization methods: comparative characterizations and hexavalent chromium adsorption study","volume":"18","author":"Ngan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Chem."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.08.031","article-title":"Magnetic composite prepared from palm shell-based carbon and application for recovery of residual oil from POME","volume":"92","author":"Ngarmkam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16050709","article-title":"An updated overview of magnetic composites for water decontamination","volume":"16","author":"Niculescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11907","DOI":"10.48048\/tis.2026.11907","article-title":"Screen-printed electrodes modified with Fe3O4-Activated carbon derived from spent coffee grounds for dopamine detection in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid","volume":"23","author":"Nooin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tends Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.10.042","article-title":"Performance of magnetic activated coarbon composite as peroxymonosulfate activator and regenerable adsorbent via sulfate radical-mediated oxidation processes","volume":"284","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6223(02)00076-3","article-title":"Activated carbon\/iron oxide magnetic composites for the adsorption of contaminants in water","volume":"40","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1081\/ese-120023374","article-title":"Design and performance of magnetic composite particles for the separation of heavy metals from water","volume":"38","author":"Phanapavudhikul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.30598\/ijcr.2021.9-raf","article-title":"Magnetite-activated carbon composite to reduce pollutant: review. Indo","volume":"9","author":"Rafli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56090455","article-title":"Comparison of conventional statistical methods with machine learning in medicine: diagnosis, drug development, and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Rajula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132853","article-title":"A composite adsorbent of superparamagnetic nanoparticles with sludge biomass derived activated carbon for the removal of chromium (VI)","volume":"366","author":"Ramya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132114","article-title":"Green synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and loading effect on activated carbon for furfural adsorption","volume":"287","author":"Rashtbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138863","article-title":"A review of the application of adsorbents for landfill leachate treatment: focus on magnetic adsorption","volume":"731","author":"Reshadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.03.044","article-title":"Production, characterization, and biogas application of magnetic hydrochar from cellulose","volume":"186","author":"Reza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2026.102509","article-title":"Magnetic waste-derived Fe3O4\/activated carbon\u2013red mud composite for enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic removal of methyl orange","volume":"12","author":"Rinovian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04610-1","article-title":"Use of magnetic activated carbon in a solid phase extraction procedure for analysis of 2,4-dichlorophenol in water samples","volume":"231","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollut."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291827","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/291827","article-title":"Application of an activated carbon-based support for magnetic solid phase extraction followed by spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine in commercial beverages","volume":"2015","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.123851","article-title":"Novel activated carbons and magnetic composites from wet olive cake for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water: synthesis, characterization and application","volume":"14","author":"Romero","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555705","DOI":"10.19080\/GJARM.2023.07.555705","article-title":"Response surface Methodology-A statistical tool for the optimization of responses","volume":"71","author":"Sai Datri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. J. Addict. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100420","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of magnetic activated carbon from oak pericarp for enhanced dye adsorption: a one-step approach","volume":"319","author":"Saadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-022-05269-w","article-title":"Spinel structure of activated carbon supported MFe2O4 composites as an economic and efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in neutral media","volume":"26","author":"Sabaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"B133","first-page":"346","article-title":"Magnetically responsive activated carbons for bio-and environmental applications","volume":"4","author":"Safarik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.137","article-title":"Magnetic bio-nanocomposite catalysts of CoFe2O4\/hydroxyapatite-lipase for enantioselective synthesis provide a framework for enzyme recovery and reuse","volume":"148","author":"Saire-Saire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54942-9","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of magnesium ferrite-activated carbon composites derived from orange peels for enhanced supercapacitor performance","volume":"14","author":"Salama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2016.10.030","article-title":"Polyethylenimine modified activated carbon as novel magnetic adsorbent for the removal of uranium from aqueous solution","volume":"117","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129765","article-title":"Green magnetic carbon\/alginate biocomposite beads from iron scrap waste for efficient removal of textile dye and heavy metal","volume":"261","author":"Saning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech13020013","article-title":"Proteases: importance, immobilization protocols, potential of activated carbon as support, and the importance of modifying supports for immobilization","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioTech"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1039\/d4su00442f","article-title":"Cork-derived magnetic composites: a preliminary study","volume":"3","author":"Scalera","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Sustain."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900487","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201900487","article-title":"Adsorber particles with magnetically-supported improved electrochemical conversion behavior for waste water treatment processes","volume":"37","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. and Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/tmag.2018.2862429","article-title":"Magnetic PolyHIPE composites with activated carbon and iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"55","author":"Seeharaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magnetics"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30357-y","article-title":"Integrated persulfate\/ozonation process using Fe3O4\/AC catalyst for antibiotic degradation: optimization and kinetic insights","volume":"16","author":"Shahbeiki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talo.2026.100613","article-title":"Preparation of activated carbon and \u03b2-cyclodextrin modified magnetic nanoparticles for extraction and determination of hippuric acid in urine samples","volume":"13","author":"Shan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta Open"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2012.03.035","article-title":"Facile synthesis, characterization of a MnFe2O4\/Activated carbon magnetic composite and its effectiveness in tetracycline removal","volume":"135","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2026.103055","article-title":"Bimetallic Fe-Mn-impregnated activated carbon: one-step dry pyrolysis synthesis from hawthorn kernels for COD reduction and nitrate removal from industrial wastewater","volume":"21","author":"Sharififard","year":"2026","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114483","article-title":"Recent advances in magnetic composites as adsorbents for wastewater remediation","volume":"306","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102486","article-title":"Synthesis of diatomite\/Fe3O4\/Teff straw activated carbon composite adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater","volume":"16","author":"Shewatatek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105119","article-title":"Adsorption of radioactive strontium by pristine and magnetic biochars derived from spent coffee grounds","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Trends of spray drying: a critical review on drying of fruit and vegetable juices","volume":"65","author":"Shishir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B151","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Quality by Design in Product Development Life Cycle","author":"Singh","year":"2013"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.09.010","article-title":"Experimental design and response surface modeling for optimization of Rhodamine B removal from water by magnetic nanocomposite","volume":"165","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B153","first-page":"1292","article-title":"Synthesis and X-Ray diffraction characteristic study of agricultural waste activated carbon and AC\/Fe3O4\u2013NANO PARTICLES","volume":"10","author":"Sivaprakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enmm.2014.06.001","article-title":"Magnetic composite an environmental super adsorbent for dye sequestration \u2013 a review","author":"Sivashankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. and Manag."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.109087","article-title":"Recent advances in persulfate activation by magnetic ferrite-carbon composites for organic contaminants degradation: role of carbon materials and environmental application","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112282","article-title":"Synthesis of superparamagnetic activated carbon for paracetamol removal from aqueous solution","volume":"300","author":"Spessato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1039\/c7nj01818e","article-title":"A novel magnetic composite adsorbent of phenolic compounds based on waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) and carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"41","author":"Strachowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.15406\/mojddt.2018.02.00058","article-title":"Applications of iron oxide nano composite in waste water treatment\u2013dye decolourisation and anti?microbial activity","volume":"2","author":"Subha","year":"2018","journal-title":"MOJ Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.109327","article-title":"Machine learning modelling and mechanistic insights into malachite green adsorption on sustainable magnetic activated carbon","volume":"81","author":"Sudarsan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35337","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ra05872e","article-title":"Activated carbon Cfiber\/Fe3O4 composite with enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption properties","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.46690\/capi.2025.08.03","article-title":"Developing and characterizing magnetic nanocomposites for effective metal ion removal in wastewater treatment","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Capillarity"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1556\/066.2023.00235","article-title":"Methods for experimental design, central composite design and the Box\u2013Behnken design, to optimise operational parameters: a review","volume":"52","author":"Szpisj\u00e1k-Guly\u00e1s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2020.06.015","article-title":"Nano-magnetically modified activated carbon prepared by oak shell for treatment of wastewater containing fluoride ion","volume":"31","author":"Takmil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122903","article-title":"Single-step pyrolysis for producing magnetic activated carbon from tucum\u00e3 (Astrocaryum aculeatum) seed and nickel(II) chloride and zinc(II) chloride. Application for removal of nicotinamide and propanolol","volume":"398","author":"Thue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16243538","article-title":"Magnetic composite carbon from microcrystalline cellulose to tackle paracetamol contamination: Kinetics, mass transfer, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies","volume":"16","author":"Thue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.136","article-title":"Development of a reusable and sustainable biocatalyst by immobilization of soybean peroxidase onto magnetic adsorbent","volume":"114","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4150073","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4150073","article-title":"Preparation of magnetic composite Polyaniline\/Fe3O4\u2212Hydrotalcite and performance in removal of Methyl Orange","volume":"2021","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. and Technol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7060224","article-title":"Composite activated carbon modified with AlCl3 for the effective removal of reactive black 5 dye from wastewaters","volume":"7","author":"Tsoutsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Compos. Sci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.12.034","article-title":"Modeling As(V) removal by a iron oxide impregnated activated carbon using the surface complexation approach","volume":"39","author":"Vaughan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07940-z","article-title":"Magnetic-activated carbon composites derived from iron sludge and biological sludge for sulfonamide antibiotic removal","volume":"27","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-020-01754-9","article-title":"Preparation of carbon\u2013iron composites materials and studies of its adsorption properties for the methylene blue","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.09.029","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of PPCPs from aqueous solution using carbon-based composites: a review","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.20517\/wecn.2024.14","article-title":"Utilizing microorganisms immobilized on carbon-based materials for environmental remediation: a mini review","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6020055","article-title":"Facile fabrication of magnetic Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)\/Activated carbon composite gel for adsorptive removal of dyes","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Compos. Sci."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042003","DOI":"10.1088\/2399-7532\/abcb0c","article-title":"Multifunctional magnetic soft composites: a review","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multifunct. Mater"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132801","article-title":"Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution on activated carbons and composite prepared from an agricultural waste biomass: a comparative study by experimental and advanced modeling analysis","volume":"430","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.130071","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of magnetic ZnCl2-activated carbon produced from coconut shell for the adsorption of methylene blue","volume":"1232","author":"Ya\u011fmur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2007.06.049","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of magnetic Fe3O4-activated carbon nanocomposite particles for dye removal","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138245","article-title":"Bamboo-based magnetic activated carbon for efficient removal of sulfadiazine: application and adsorption mechanism","volume":"323","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100378","article-title":"Effectiveness of activated carbon magnetic composite from banana peel (Musa acuminata) for recovering iron metal ions","volume":"8","author":"Yanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-58","article-title":"Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto iron oxide\/activated carbon magnetic composite","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108553","article-title":"Magnetic-activated carbon composites derived from sludge and steel converter slag for wastewater treatment","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19025","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04040-z","article-title":"Activated carbon\/alginate\/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite as a superior functional material for removal of lead from aqueous media","volume":"14","author":"Zadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"B185","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Adsorptive removal of azide ion from aqueous solutions using modified activated carbon magnetic nanocomposite","volume":"6","author":"Zarei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.26998","article-title":"Application of magnetic activated carbon as a catalyst in catalytic ozonation process (COP) for removal and mineralization of humic acid from aqueous solution","volume":"220","author":"Zazouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ew00868d","article-title":"Adsorption of heavy metal ions in water by surface functionalized magnetic composites: a review","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. and Technol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2018.05.016","article-title":"Adsorptive performance of coal based magnetic activated carbon for perfluorinated compounds from treated landfill leachate effluents","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143910","article-title":"Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by magnetic activated carbon and its mechanism","volume":"757","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3390\/min12060665","article-title":"Preparation of magnetic activated carbon by activation and modification of char derived from Co-Pyrolysis of lignite and biomass and its adsorption of heavy-metal-containing wastewater","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.10.027","article-title":"A novel hierarchically porous magnetic carbon derived from biomass for strong lightweight microwave absorption","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2023.100403","article-title":"Nitrate removal for drinking water by FeCl3-oxidated polypyrrole-grafted activated carbon: adsorption property and mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Part C. Open Access"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10140","DOI":"10.1021\/ie3000908","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis of magnetic composite particles for laccase immobilization","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Industrial and Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2011.08.020","article-title":"Adsorption removal of congo red onto magnetic cellulose\/Fe3O4\/activated carbon composite: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies","volume":"173","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1931555\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:33:20Z","timestamp":1790609600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1931555\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":192,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2026.1931555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1931555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"article-number":"1931555"}}