{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T06:23:50Z","timestamp":1787207030674,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Chem."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial infections of biofilms are hard to treat as the matrix and physiological differences in the cells within a biofilm limit the ability of traditional antibiotics to control the growth of bacteria. We synthesized a sodium butyrate-encapsulated manganese tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin hydrogen-bonded organic framework (NaB@Mn-TCPP HOF), which was used to determine its physical and chemical properties, guest-loading capacity, release behavior, hemolytic effects, antibacterial activity and anti-biofilm formation of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The NaB incorporation was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurement, elemental mapping, and other methods demonstrated that the parent Mn-TCPP HOF retained most of its principal spectroscopic, solid-state diffraction, and colloidal features. Indirect spectrophotometry of absorbance of UV light revealed an apparent loading of NaB of 56 percent with respect to the mass of carrier at feed ratio of 4\u00a0mg NaB per 5\u00a0mg carrier corresponding to an estimated NaB content of about 36\u00a0wt% in the recovered composite and an apparent encapsulation rate of about 70%. About half of the calculated loaded NaB was released gradually over 12\u00a0h without reaching the final plateau. In a five-group design that is exploratory and not dose-matched, images of the colonies were taken after exposure to 660\u00a0nm irradiation at 100\u00a0mW cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122,<\/jats:sup>\n                    and the results indicated the reduction of colony development, crystal-violet staining, propidium-iodide-associated signal, and surface-related bacterial coverage in the NaB@Mn-TCPP HOF group. Biofilm experiment was performed on the inhibition of a new biofilm in the course of 24\u00a0h instead of destroying an already matured one. After 2\u00a0hours of exposure, less than 5 percent hemolysis was produced by the composite at 100\u00a0micrograms mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These findings can be used to make further studies of NaB@Mn-TCPP HOF as a combined material platform that reacts to light. It has not been clarified by the current design whether reactive oxygen species, manganese excretion, the pathway of bacteria controlled by NaB, or pharmacological interactions were involved.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1941361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1787203704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Light-responsive sodium butyrate-loaded manganese porphyrinic HOF for enhanced antibacterial and biofilm-inhibitory activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sishi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization of Northeast Forestry University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University","place":["Harbin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12331","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of bacterial and yeast biofilms with a cationic porphyrin","volume":"90","author":"Beirao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.017","article-title":"DLS and zeta potential\u2014What they are and what they are not?","volume":"235","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v055a05","article-title":"Microneedle-mediated delivery of an NIR-triggered nanoagent for synergistic anti-biofilm infection therapy","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947","article-title":"Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou\u2013Talalay method","volume":"70","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0805615","article-title":"Method for analysis of nanoparticle hemolytic properties in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081545","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of manganese dioxide nanosheets by ROS-Mediated pathways and destroying membrane integrity","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomater. (Basel)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00149","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.149","article-title":"Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape","volume":"3","author":"Foucquier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.22203\/ecm.v054a09","article-title":"Porous iron scaffolds with the addition of manganese and copper\u2014physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility analysis","volume":"54","author":"Grodzicka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7719","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01787","article-title":"Porphyrin-Based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for the photocatalytic degradation of 9,10-Diphenylanthracene","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13034","article-title":"Manganese homeostasis and utilization in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"97","author":"Juttukonda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2017.07.003","article-title":"Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation?","volume":"31","author":"Kashef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0082424","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00824-24","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits the expression of virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae by targeting ToxT protein","volume":"10","author":"Kundu","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.2c01196","article-title":"Multifunctional porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: current status and future perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213493","article-title":"Propionate and butyrate inhibit biofilm Formation of Salmonella Typhimurium grown in laboratory media and food models","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1039\/c5pp00037h","article-title":"Resistance in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Maisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr358","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits pathogenic yeast growth and enhances the functions of macrophages","volume":"66","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","article-title":"Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates","volume":"72","author":"Peeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp50408e","article-title":"Influence of external bacterial structures on the efficiency of photodynamic inactivation by a cationic porphyrin","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13685","article-title":"The biochemical mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic Therapy(\u2020)","volume":"99","author":"Sabino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","volume":"358","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00278","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00278-15","article-title":"Manganese homeostasis in group A Streptococcus is critical for resistance to oxidative stress and virulence","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30268-7","article-title":"Photoantimicrobials-are we afraid of the light?","volume":"17","author":"Wainwright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45511","article-title":"Manganese porphyrin-based metal-organic framework for synergistic sonodynamic therapy and ferroptosis in hypoxic tumors","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2402342","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202402342","article-title":"A biocompatible Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework (HOF) as sonosensitizer and artificial enzyme for In-Depth treatment of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"13","author":"Ya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108422","article-title":"Anti-biofilm effect of sodium butyrate against Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"131","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food control."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1941361\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:28:25Z","timestamp":1787203705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1941361\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fchem.2026.1941361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1941361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1941361"}}