{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:31:54Z","timestamp":1791952314303,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]],"date-time":"2017-08-02T23:55:30Z","timestamp":1501718130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["Mechanisms of Severe Mortality-Associated Bacterial Co-infections Following Influenza Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Leili","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangyun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dekang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuexin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2017.05.002","article-title":"Sequence analysis of haemagglutinin neuraminidase of H1N1 strain from a patient coinfected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","author":"Alghamdi","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05872-11","article-title":"Immunopathogenic and antibacterial effects of H3N2 influenza A virus PB1-F2 map to amino acid residues 62, 75, 79, and 82","volume":"85","author":"Alymova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.11.2272","article-title":"Mononuclear phagocytes of transport-stressed horses with viral respiratory tract infection","volume":"46","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2464-z","article-title":"An agent-based model simulation of influenza interactions at the host level: insight into the influenza-related burden of pneumococcal infections","volume":"17","author":"Arduin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro928","article-title":"Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases","volume":"2","author":"Bakaletz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0382-z","article-title":"Exposure to common respiratory bacteria alters the airway epithelial response to subsequent viral infection","volume":"17","author":"Bellinghausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00060","article-title":"Oseltamivir PK\/PD Modeling and simulation to evaluate treatment strategies against influenza-pneumococcus coinfection","volume":"6","author":"Boianelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01969.x","article-title":"Structure and function of pneumolysin, the multifunctional, thiol-activated toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"Boulnois","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0b013e318278b4b3","article-title":"Global gene expression profiling in infants with acute respiratory syncytial virus broncholitis demonstrates systemic activation of interferon signaling networks","volume":"32","author":"Bucasas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.8.2856-2858.1991","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae produces at least two distinct enzymes with neuraminidase activity: cloning and expression of a second neuraminidase gene in Escherichia coli","volume":"59","author":"Camara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0909-797","article-title":"Receptor-binding specificity of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus determined by carbohydrate microarray","volume":"27","author":"Childs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00001","article-title":"A case of influenza A (H3N2) complicated by community-acquired pneumonia and death in a young healthy adult during the 2013-2014 Season","volume":"5","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030141","article-title":"A single mutation in the PB1-F2 of H5N1 (HK\/97) and 1918 influenza A viruses contributes to increased virulence","volume":"3","author":"Conenello","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1994.1082","article-title":"Receptor specificity of adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human type-II pneumocytes and vascular endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Cundell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/154.4","article-title":"Receptors in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to injured and repairing airway epithelium","volume":"154","author":"de Bentzmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.041807.123549","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS","volume":"60","author":"Douek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01400-0","article-title":"Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000314","article-title":"Severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis from panton-valentine leukocidin-positive MRSA pneumonia complicating influenza A-H1N1-09","volume":"24","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bronchology. Interv. Pulmonol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1305584","article-title":"Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infection","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300014","article-title":"Depletion of alveolar macrophages during influenza infection facilitates bacterial superinfections","volume":"191","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1086\/505122","article-title":"Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of fatal influenza virus infection in children during the 2003-2004 season","volume":"43","author":"Guarner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051141","article-title":"Severe community-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus, 2003-04 influenza season","volume":"12","author":"Hageman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/004606-0","article-title":"The multifunctional NS1 protein of influenza A viruses","volume":"89","author":"Hale","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030133","article-title":"Growth of H5N1 influenza A viruses in the upper respiratory tracts of mice","volume":"3","author":"Hatta","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.01.005","article-title":"The antibacterial innate immune response by the mosquito Aedes aegypti is mediated by hemocytes and independent of Gram type and pathogenicity","volume":"6","author":"Hillyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-520","article-title":"Respiratory failure presenting in H1N1 influenza with Legionnaires disease: two case reports","volume":"5","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.08.025","article-title":"Influenza virus infection causes neutrophil dysfunction through reduced G-CSF production and an increased risk of secondary bacteria infection in the lung","volume":"499","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233632","article-title":"Role of tissue protection in lethal respiratory viral-bacterial coinfection","volume":"340","author":"Jamieson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-404","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization induces type I interferons and interferon-induced gene expression","volume":"10","author":"Joyce","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Fatal influenza A (H3N2) and Campylobacter jejuni coinfectione112e113 Kahar-BadorM. NathanA. M. SooM. H. MohdN. S. AbuBakarS. LumL. C. 19352555Singapore Med. J.502009"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-378","article-title":"Transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Kimaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700111X","article-title":"Surges of advanced medical support associated with influenza outbreaks","volume":"145","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12398","article-title":"The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Influenza Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.26572","article-title":"Seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus fails to enhance Staphylococcus aureus co-infection in a non-human primate respiratory tract infection model","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01746.x","article-title":"Recognition of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the innate immune system","volume":"14","author":"Koppe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002194","article-title":"Influenza A inhibits Th17-mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"186","author":"Kudva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01123-08","article-title":"Infection with human metapneumovirus predisposes mice to severe pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"83","author":"Kukavica-Ibrulj","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L158","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00338.2014","article-title":"Influenza-induced type I interferon enhances susceptibility to gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"309","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0134-4","article-title":"Favorable outcome after life-threatening meningococcal disease complicating influenza A(H1N1) infection","volume":"39","author":"Legriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057894","article-title":"Kinetic characterization of PB1-F2-mediated immunopathology during highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Leymarie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.827891","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia: the role of PVL and an influenza coinfection","volume":"11","author":"Loffler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.67.2","article-title":"The destruction of type 2 pneumocytes by airborne influenza PR8-A virus; its effect on surfactant and lecithin content of the pneumonic lesions of mice","volume":"67","author":"Loosli","year":"1975","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI103791","article-title":"Studies on influenza in the pandemic of 1957-1958. II. Pulmonary complications of influenza","volume":"38","author":"Louria","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177238","article-title":"Transmission and pathogenesis of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses in ferrets and mice","volume":"325","author":"Maines","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.09.002","article-title":"Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"15","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.09.001","article-title":"Expression of the 1918 influenza A virus PB1-F2 enhances the pathogenesis of viral and secondary bacterial pneumonia","volume":"2","author":"McAuley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microb."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001014","article-title":"PB1-F2 proteins from H5N1 and 20 century pandemic influenza viruses cause immunopathology","volume":"6","author":"McAuley","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1086\/368163","article-title":"Role of neuraminidase in lethal synergism between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"187","author":"McCullers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1086\/341462","article-title":"Lethal synergism between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae: characterization of a mouse model and the role of platelet-activating factor receptor","volume":"186","author":"McCullers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D877","DOI":"10.2741\/A649","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"6","author":"McCullers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Bio Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1086\/421525","article-title":"Effect of antiviral treatment on the outcome of secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza","volume":"190","author":"McCullers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.151319","article-title":"Increased mortality rates associated with Staphylococcus aureus and influenza co-infection, Maryland and Iowa, USA(1)","volume":"22","author":"McDanel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000332","article-title":"Do influenza and pneumococcal vaccines prevent community-acquired respiratory infections among older people with diabetes and does this vary by chronic kidney disease? A cohort study using electronic health records","volume":"5","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab. Res. Care"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214935","article-title":"Disease tolerance as a defense strategy","volume":"335","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.640","article-title":"Oral administration of a prodrug of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071 protects mice and ferrets against influenza infection","volume":"42","author":"Mendel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301152","article-title":"Immune dysfunction and bacterial coinfections following influenza","volume":"191","author":"Metzger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1086\/510626","article-title":"Hypersusceptibility to invasive pneumococcal infection in experimental sickle cell disease involves platelet-activating factor receptor","volume":"195","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","article-title":"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness","volume":"198","author":"Morens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177127","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in ferrets","volume":"325","author":"Munster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000767","article-title":"Heterologous post-infection immunity against Egyptian avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 modulates the course of subsequent infection by highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, but vaccination immunity does not","volume":"98","author":"Naguib","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57762","article-title":"Synergistic stimulation of type I interferons during influenza virus coinfection promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in mice","volume":"121","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.42.3.1102-1108.1983","article-title":"Tracheal function during influenza infections","volume":"42","author":"Nugent","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195903122601101","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of thirty-three fatal cases of Asian influenza","volume":"260","author":"Oseasohn","year":"1959","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2014.76.2.84","article-title":"Pandemic influenza (H1N1) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection","volume":"76","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2015.78.4.366","article-title":"A case of severe pseudomembranous tracheobronchitis complicated by co-infection of influenza A (H1N1) and Staphylococcus aureus in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"78","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul)."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00446","article-title":"Inflammatory responses regulating Alveolar Ion transport during pulmonary infections","volume":"8","author":"Peteranderl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1959.00270020090010","article-title":"Pulmonary infections complicating Asian influenza","volume":"103","author":"Petersdorf","year":"1959","journal-title":"AMA. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1986.134.5.1040","article-title":"Adherence of type I Streptococcus pneumoniae to tracheal epithelium of mice infected with influenza A\/PR8 virus","volume":"134","author":"Plotkowski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06060903","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion to respiratory mucosa","volume":"6","author":"Plotkowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200605-126SF","article-title":"Airway epithelial repair, regeneration, and remodeling after injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"3","author":"Puchelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00117","article-title":"Cell receptors for influenza a viruses and the innate immune response","volume":"3","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91999-B","article-title":"Influenza A and meningococcal disease","volume":"338","author":"Reilly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.43.3.320-360.1979","article-title":"Nonenteric toxins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Rogolsky","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1971.00310180053006","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969","volume":"127","author":"Schwarzmann","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.008","article-title":"Bacterial and viral co-infections complicating severe influenza: Incidence and impact among 507 U.S. patients, 2013-14","volume":"80","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35412","article-title":"Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice","volume":"119","author":"Shahangian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.102042","article-title":"Pathogenic responses among young adults during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Shanks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/440435a","article-title":"Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway","volume":"440","author":"Shinya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.1944","article-title":"The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index","volume":"87","author":"Simonsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-016-9494-9","article-title":"Quantifying the therapeutic requirements and potential for combination therapy to prevent bacterial coinfection during influenza","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1765","article-title":"Inhibition of pulmonary antibacterial defense by interferon-gamma during recovery from influenza infection","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150514","article-title":"Nox2-derived oxidative stress results in inefficacy of antibiotics against post-influenza S. aureus pneumonia","volume":"213","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2013.07.012","article-title":"Influence of prior pandemic A(H1N1)2009 virus infection on invasion of MDCK cells by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"20","author":"Takayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2010.03.001","article-title":"Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in a patient with lung cancer","volume":"44","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/546207a","article-title":"Influenza: a viral world war","volume":"546","author":"Tansey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/325536a0","article-title":"Role of Staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia","volume":"325","author":"Tashiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316","article-title":"The pathology of influenza virus infections","volume":"3","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181cdafc2","article-title":"Viral coinfections in children with invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"29","author":"Techasaensiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115843","article-title":"Type I interferons (alpha\/beta) in immunity and autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Theofilopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041879","article-title":"Poly I:C enhances susceptibility to secondary pulmonary infections by gram-positive bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505113321907","article-title":"Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection","volume":"332","author":"Tuomanen","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20064","article-title":"Accurate and simple discrimination of mouse pulmonary dendritic cell and macrophage populations by flow cytometry: methodology and new insights","volume":"61","author":"Vermaelen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3106","article-title":"Bacterial colonization dampens influenza-mediated acute lung injury via induction of M2 alveolar macrophages","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61203-4","article-title":"Burden of disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b in children younger than 5 years: global estimates","volume":"374","author":"Watt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0557-x","article-title":"The pneumococcus: why a commensal misbehaves","volume":"88","author":"Weiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.06.019","article-title":"Pneumolysin expression by streptococcus pneumoniae protects colonized mice from influenza virus-induced disease","volume":"463","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15413","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311217110","article-title":"Genome-wide fitness profiling reveals adaptations required by Haemophilus in coinfection with influenza A virus in the murine lung","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.10.018","article-title":"Bacterial coinfection is associated with severity of avian influenza A (H7N9), and procalcitonin is a useful marker for early diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1172\/jci36731","article-title":"Cellular effectors mediating Th17-dependent clearance of pneumococcal colonization in mice","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00338\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T16:13:36Z","timestamp":1750781616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00338\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"article-number":"338"}}