{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:46:52Z","timestamp":1787662012245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006442","name":"Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, K\u00f8benhavns Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,5]],"date-time":"2017-11-05T23:30:02Z","timestamp":1509924602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Invades and Survives in Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bolette","family":"Skive","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Hartig","family":"Braunstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders M.","family":"Bojesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X1737581","article-title":"Reproductive efficiency of flatrace and national hunt thoroughbred mares and stallions in England","volume":"39","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.10.001","article-title":"Endocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae via the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor of epithelial cells relies on clathrin and caveolin dependent mechanisms","volume":"304","author":"Asmat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00409.x","article-title":"Non-encapsulated strains reveal novel insights in invasion and survival of Streptococcus suis in epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Benga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3026","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003026","article-title":"Genome sequence of a Lancefield group C Streptococcus zooepidemicus strain causing epidemic nephritis: new information about an old disease","volume":"3","author":"Beres","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1637\/10272-1012312-DIGEST.1","article-title":"A major outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections in free-range chickens is linked to horses","volume":"7","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis. Dig"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.12.040","article-title":"Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections in cats","volume":"144","author":"Blum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2009.10.3.269","article-title":"An outbreak of fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in shelter dogs","volume":"10","author":"Byun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75623-1","article-title":"Invasion and persistence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae within bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Calvinho","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.09.008","article-title":"Diagnostic double-guarded low-volume uterine lavage in mares","volume":"83","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016972","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016972","article-title":"Endocytosis of viruses and bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Cossart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4593-4601.1998","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 encodes multiple pathways for entry into human epithelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Cue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00683-13","article-title":"Draft genome sequence of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain S31A1, isolated from equine infectious endometritis","volume":"1","author":"Da Piedade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.10.012","article-title":"Comparison of clinical signs, endometrial culture, endometrial cytology, uterine low-volume lavage, and uterine biopsy and combinations in the diagnosis of equine endometritis","volume":"44","author":"Diel De Amorim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01223.x","article-title":"High-frequency intracellular invasion of epithelial cells by serotype M1 group A streptococci: M1 protein-mediated invasion and cytoskeletal rearrangements","volume":"31","author":"Dombek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189531","article-title":"The microscopic double immunofluorescence technique, a method for quantitative differentiation between extra-and intracellularly located bacteria in isolated polymorphonuclear granulocytes","volume":"177","author":"Dziwisch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1037-5","article-title":"Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus meningitis\u2014a case report and review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Eyre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06396.x","article-title":"Sortase-mediated assembly and surface topology of adhesive pneumococcal pili","volume":"70","author":"F\u00e4lker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.08.009","article-title":"Human bacterial arthritis caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus: report of a case","volume":"14","author":"Friederichs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.189803.115","article-title":"Genome specialization and decay of the strangles pathogen, Streptococcus equi, is driven by persistent infection","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244705","article-title":"Internalization of Salmonella by macrophages induces formation of nonreplicating persisters","volume":"343","author":"Helaine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000346","article-title":"Genomic evidence for the evolution of Streptococcus equi host restriction, increased virulence, and genetic exchange with human pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Holden","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.037","article-title":"Virulence and antigenicity of the szp-gene deleted Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus mutant in mice","volume":"27","author":"Hong-Jie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1086\/508773","article-title":"Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested group A streptococci from epithelial cells: clinical and pathogenetic implications","volume":"43","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"326","article-title":"The role of the carrier in treatment failures after antibiotic for group A streptococci in the upper respiratory tract","volume":"98","author":"Kaplan","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02134","article-title":"Persistent persister misperceptions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.06.011","article-title":"The hypervariable region of streptococcus pyogenes M protein escapes antibody attack by antigenic variation and weak immunogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Lannergaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: both threats to fertility","volume":"44","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.038","article-title":"Use of a low-volume uterine flush for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares","volume":"68","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.03.018","article-title":"A novel vaccine against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) co-infection","volume":"171","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05700-11","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain ATCC 35246","volume":"193","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.050","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters","volume":"157","author":"Maisonneuve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00063-12","article-title":"Type IV pili in Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"77","author":"Melville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1086\/515310","article-title":"Invasion and survival of Streptococcus pyogenes in eukaryotic cells correlates with the source of the clinical isolates","volume":"177","author":"Molinari","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2000.00040.x","article-title":"Two distinct pathways for the invasion of Streptococcus pyogenes in non-phagocytic cells","volume":"2","author":"Molinari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro955","article-title":"Persistent bacterial infections: the interface of the pathogen and the host immune system","volume":"2","author":"Monack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.034","article-title":"Endometritis in the mare: a diagnostic study comparing cultures from swab and biopsy","volume":"64","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.11.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of endometritis in the mare based on bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium: comparison of results obtained by swabs and biopsies specialist in equine reproduction, a","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00014-09","article-title":"Streptococcus adherence and colonization","volume":"73","author":"Nobbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.002","article-title":"Comparison of three diagnostic methods to identify subclinical endometritis in mares","volume":"75","author":"Overbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02535.x","article-title":"De novo formation of focal complex-like structures in host cells by invading Streptococci","volume":"41","author":"Ozeri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2122","article-title":"The multiple faces of caveolae","volume":"8","author":"Parton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201009093","article-title":"Revisiting caveolin trafficking: the end of the caveosome","volume":"191","author":"Parton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0854.2002.30501.x","article-title":"Endocytosis via caveolae","volume":"3","author":"Pelkmans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.121365","article-title":"Transmission of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection from horses to humans","volume":"19","author":"Pelkonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.45-1-51","article-title":"A clonal outbreak of acute fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in intensively housed (shelter) dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp","volume":"45","author":"Pesavento","year":"2008","journal-title":"zooepidemicus. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"393","article-title":"Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus resides deep in the chronically infected endometrium of mares. Clin","volume":"1","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.006","article-title":"Activation of persistent Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in mares with subclinical endometritis","volume":"179","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-26","article-title":"Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from equine infectious endometritis belong to a distinct genetic group","volume":"44","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.05.050","article-title":"Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a thoroughbred practice","volume":"68","author":"Riddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2012_281","article-title":"Adherence and invasion of streptococci to eukaryotic cells and their role in disease pathogenesis","volume":"368","author":"Rohde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"B51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adhesion and invasion of Streptococcus pyogenes into host cells and clinical relevance of intracellular streptococci","volume-title":"Streptococcus Pyogenes: Basic Biologyto Clinical Manifestitations [Internet]","author":"Rohde","year":"2016"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01547.x","article-title":"Differences in the aromatic domain of homologous streptococcal fibronectin-binding proteins trigger different cell invasion mechanisms and survival rates","volume":"13","author":"Rohde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00279.x","article-title":"Host cell caveolae act as an entry-port for group A streptococci","volume":"5","author":"Rohde","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.10.008","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis enabling intravascular persistence","volume":"14","author":"Rohde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05225.x","article-title":"Identification of novel genomic islands coding for antigenic pilus-like structures in Streptococcus agalactiae","volume":"61","author":"Rosini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05279.x","article-title":"Pili with strong attachments: gram-positive bacteria do it differently","volume":"62","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.4.1440-1445.1995","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of a protective M-like protein gene from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus","volume":"63","author":"Timoney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.03.004","article-title":"Assembly of pili in Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Ton-That","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.100","article-title":"Identification of novel immunoreactive proteins of Streptococcus zooepidemicus with potential as vaccine components","volume":"31","author":"Velineni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.03.026","article-title":"Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus C5a peptidase, a putative invasin, induces protective immune response in mice","volume":"95","author":"Wei","year":"2013"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnw164","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw164","article-title":"Capsule of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus hampers the adherence and invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells and is attenuated during internalization","volume":"363","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.03.005","article-title":"The arginine deiminase system facilitates environmental adaptability of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus through pH adjustment","volume":"167","author":"Xu","year":"","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0334-0","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus immunogenic GroEL protein involved in biofilm formation","volume":"47","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2013.02.006","article-title":"Identification of genes transcribed by Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus in infected porcine lung","volume":"59","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00465\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T00:29:10Z","timestamp":1603240150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00465\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"article-number":"465"}}