{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:13:12Z","timestamp":1790471592913,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009725","name":"Wishlist","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F26167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F26167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T04:16:37Z","timestamp":1516248997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Dysbiosis of the Vaginal Microbiota and Higher Vaginal Kynurenine\/Tryptophan Ratio Reveals an Association with Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Noa","family":"Ziklo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda E.","family":"Vidgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuong","family":"Taing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelmina M.","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Timms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135620","article-title":"A study of the vaginal microbiome in healthy canadian women utilizing cpn60- based molecular profiling reveals distinct gardnerella subgroup community state types","volume":"10","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.01.002","article-title":"Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis-specific T cell interferon-\u03b3 and interleukin-17 responses in CD4-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sexually active adolescent females","volume":"103","author":"Barral","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1086\/652400","article-title":"Protective immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection: evidence from human studies","volume":"201","author":"Batteiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1086\/657320","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis assessed by gram stain and diminished colonization resistance to incident gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal genital infection","volume":"202","author":"Brotman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.950","article-title":"The epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis within a sexually transmitted diseases core","volume":"173","author":"Brunham","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.53.2.347-351.1986","article-title":"Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma- interferon-mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psittaci replication in T24 cells","volume":"53","author":"Byrne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17993","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates","volume":"111","author":"Caldwell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00012","article-title":"Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"8","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8","article-title":"Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms","volume":"6","author":"Caporaso","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S2097","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites in humans: disease and healthy states","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1086\/432070","article-title":"Immunoepidemiologic profile of Chlamydia trachomatis infection : importance of heat-shock protein 60 and interferon-g","volume":"192","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1086\/317616","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 \u2013 infected women exhibit reduced interferon-g secretion after Chlamydia trachomatis stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"182","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003486","article-title":"IL-22 and IDO1 affect immunity and tolerance to murine and human vaginal candidiasis","volume":"9","author":"De Luca","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.05.031","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis among women with tubal factor infertility in Nigeria","volume":"131","author":"Durugbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6","article-title":"An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform","volume":"2","author":"Fadrosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32ra36","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000632","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the balance of TH 17 to regulatory T cells in HIV disease","volume":"2","author":"Favre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107758","article-title":"Lactobacilli inactivate Chlamydia trachomatis through lactic acid but not H2O2","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.08.020","article-title":"Development status and future prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"32","author":"Hafner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6506","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6467","article-title":"Understanding the role of the kynurenine pathway in human breast cancer immunobiology","volume":"7","author":"Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-014-0487-1","article-title":"Homogeneity of the vaginal microbiome at the cervix, posterior fornix, and vaginal canal in pregnant Chinese women","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200008010-00001","article-title":"Modified wick method using weck-cel sponges for collection of human rectal secretions and analysis of mucosal HIV antibody","volume":"24","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415618837","article-title":"2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"27","author":"Lanjouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","article-title":"Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00071","article-title":"Morphologic and molecular evaluation of Chlamydia trachomatis growth in human endocervix reveals distinct growth patterns","volume":"4","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2015.13","article-title":"Toll-like receptor gene variants and bacterial vaginosis among HIV-1 infected and uninfected African women","volume":"16","author":"Mackelprang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000237672","article-title":"Streptococcal erythrogenic toxins induce tryptophan degradation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"114","author":"Man","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1086\/315127","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacilli, microbial flora, and risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and sexually transmitted disease acquisition","volume":"180","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90665-3","article-title":"Chlamydiae and the biochemistry of intracellular parasitism","volume":"2","author":"Mcclarty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200005001-00001","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"McGregor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102467","article-title":"Free glycogen in vaginal fluids is associated with Lactobacillus colonization and low vaginal pH","volume":"9","author":"Mirmonsef","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12264","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and the cervicovaginal immune response","volume":"71","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01177.x","article-title":"Tryptophan and the immune response","volume":"81","author":"Moffett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.09.075","article-title":"Evidence that the endometrial microbiota has an effect on implantation success or failure","volume":"215","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18770","article-title":"New insights into a persistent problem \u2014 chlamydial infections","volume":"11","author":"Morrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.9.1363","article-title":"Inhibition of T cell proliferation by macrophage tryptophan catabolism","volume":"189","author":"Munn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00253","article-title":"Vaginal biogenic amines : biomarkers of bacterial vaginosis or precursors to vaginal dysbiosis?","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi243","article-title":"A cluster analysis of bacterial vaginosis-associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"162","author":"Ness","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting","volume":"10","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7376.1334","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study","volume":"325","author":"Oakeshott","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-29","article-title":"Daily temporal dynamics of vaginal microbiota before, during and after episodes of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"1","author":"Ravel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e545","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.545","article-title":"Subsampled open-reference clustering creates consistent, comprehensive OTU definitions and scales to billions of sequences","volume":"2","author":"Rideout","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.042812","article-title":"Evaluation of the cobas 4800 CT\/NG test for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"86","author":"Rockett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"RognesT. Mah\u00e9F. FlouriT. QuinceC. NicholsB. 27781170VSEARCH2014"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344406","article-title":"Microbiota control of a tryptophan-AhR pathway in disease tolerance to fungi","volume":"44","author":"Romani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.26.53","article-title":"Upregulation of IFN-\u03b3 receptor expression by proinflammatory cytokines influences IDO activation in epithelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Shirey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037818","article-title":"Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis : high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)30447-7","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"253","author":"Takao","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2490-y","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome and metabolome highlight specific signatures of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"34","author":"Vitali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193ra91","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism","volume":"5","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.06.001","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1086\/367658","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection","volume":"36","author":"Wiesenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-9-research0051","article-title":"Dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in Chlamydiae: reductive evolution and a novel operon for tryptophan recapture","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00640","article-title":"Tryptophan feeding of the IDO1-AhR axis in host-microbial symbiosis","volume":"5","author":"Zelante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt593","article-title":"PEAR: a fast and accurate illumina paired-End reAd mergeR","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.05.007","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infections: when host immune response and the microbiome collide","volume":"24","author":"Ziklo","year":"","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0903-4","article-title":"In vitro rescue of genital strains of Chlamydia trachomatis from interferon- \u03b3 and tryptophan depletion with indole- positive, but not indole-negative Prevotella","volume":"16","author":"Ziklo","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T19:59:12Z","timestamp":1660334352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"article-number":"1"}}