{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:01:07Z","timestamp":1790805667451,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T08:34:45Z","timestamp":1556699685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Interplay Between Toxoplasma gondii, Autophagy, and Autophagy Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carlos S.","family":"Subauste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(07)62001-4","article-title":"Adhesion molecules and other secreted host-interaction determinants in Apicomplexa: insights from comparative geneomics","volume":"262","author":"Anantharaman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28796","article-title":"CD40 induces macrophage anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity by triggering autophagy-dependent fusion of pathogen-containing vacuoles and lysosomes","volume":"116","author":"Andrade","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002992","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002992","article-title":"The polymorphic pseudokinase ROP5 controls virulence in Toxoplasma gondii by regulating the active kinase ROP18","volume":"8","author":"Behnke","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015338108","article-title":"Virulence differences in Toxoplasma mediated by amplification of a family of polymorphic pseudokinases","volume":"108","author":"Behnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R92","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2005-6-11-r92","article-title":"The interferon-inducible p47 (IRG) GTPases in vertebrates: loss of the cell autonomous resistance mechanism in the human lineage","volume":"6","author":"Bekpen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01597.x","article-title":"The moving junction of apicomplexan parasites: a key structure for invasion","volume":"13","author":"Besteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.12.8335","article-title":"c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor on Tyr845 and Tyr1101 is associated with modulation of receptor function","volume":"274","author":"Biscardi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2007.09.013","article-title":"Rhoptries: an arsenal of secreted virulence factors","volume":"10","author":"Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78267-6_2","article-title":"Receptor-ligand interaction and invasion: microneme proteins in apicomplexans","volume":"47","author":"Carruthers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041672","article-title":"Synergistic role of micronemal proteins in Toxoplasma gondii virulence","volume":"201","author":"Cerede","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01082-08","article-title":"Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0370232","article-title":"Nutrient-dependent regulation of autophagy through the target of rapamycin pathway","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.03.020","article-title":"IRGM governs the core autophagy machinery to conduct antimicrobial defense","volume":"58","author":"Chauhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.006","article-title":"The parasitophorous vacuole membrane of Toxoplasma gondii is targeted for disruption by ubiquitin-like conjugation systems of autophagy","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006027","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006027","article-title":"K63-Linked ubiquitination targets Toxoplasma gondii for endo-lysosomal destruction in IFN-gamma-stimulated human cells","volume":"12","author":"Clough","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.056","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii sequesters lysosomes from mammalian hosts in the vacuolar space","volume":"125","author":"Coppens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0666","article-title":"CD11c- and CD11b-expressing mouse leukocytes transport single Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to the brain","volume":"107","author":"Courret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196371","article-title":"Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy","volume":"331","author":"Egan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.002","article-title":"The Toxoplasma pseudokinase ROP5 forms complexes with ROP18 and ROP17 kinases that synergize to control acute virulence in mice","volume":"15","author":"Etheridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.11.005","article-title":"Phosphorylation of immunity-related GTPases by a Toxoplasma gondii-secreted kinase promotes macrophage survival and virulence","volume":"8","author":"Fentress","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001358","article-title":"A Toxoplasma gondii pseudokinase inhibits host IRG resistance proteins","volume":"10","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10316","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119273109","article-title":"An IFN-gamma-stimulated ATF6-C\/EBP-beta-signaling pathway critical for the expression of Death Associated Protein Kinase 1 and induction of autophagy","volume":"109","author":"Gade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796697","article-title":"Molecular definitions of autophagy and related processes","volume":"36","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01114","article-title":"Rab7 is required for the normal progression of the autophagic pathway in mammalian cells","volume":"117","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515966112","article-title":"Ubiquitin systems mark pathogen-containing vacuoles as targets for host defense by guanylate binding proteins","volume":"112","author":"Haldar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86684","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086684","article-title":"The E2-like conjugation enzyme Atg3 promotes binding of IRG and Gbp proteins to Chlamydia- and Toxoplasma-containing vacuoles and host resistance","volume":"9","author":"Haldar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12499","article-title":"The Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein ROP18 is an Irga6-specific kinase and regulated by the dense granule protein GRA7","volume":"18","author":"Hermanns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020084","article-title":"Toxoplasma MIC2 is a major determinant of invasion and virulence","volume":"2","author":"Huynh","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.6.12709","article-title":"Characterization of autophagosome formation site by a hierarchical analysis of mammalian Atg proteins","volume":"6","author":"Itakura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.21.5720","article-title":"LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing","volume":"19","author":"Kabeya","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.022350","article-title":"Micronem protein 8 - a new essential invasion factor in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"121","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01443.x","article-title":"Coordinated loading of IRG resistance GTPases on to the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole","volume":"12","author":"Khaminets","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2152","article-title":"AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02934","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii triggers Gi-dependent PI3-kinase signaling required for inhibition of host cell apoptosis","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5497.1717","article-title":"Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation","volume":"290","author":"Klionsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16001","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.1","article-title":"Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system","volume":"1","author":"Konradt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11479","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11479","article-title":"Guanylate binding proteins directly attack Toxoplasma gondii via supramolecular complexes","volume":"5","author":"Kravets","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.01.001","article-title":"Apicomplexan autophagy and modulation of autophagy in parasite-infected host cells","volume":"40","author":"Latre De Late","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09782","article-title":"Autophagy in immunity and inflammation","volume":"469","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/45257","article-title":"Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1","volume":"402","author":"Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061318","article-title":"Vacuolar and plasma membrane stripping and autophagic elimination of Toxoplasma gondii in primed effector macrophages","volume":"203","author":"Ling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00101-16","article-title":"Identification of signaling pathways by which CD40 stimulates autophagy and anti-microbial activity against Toxoplasma gondii in macrophages","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2014.12.008","article-title":"Atg5 but not Atg7 in dendritic cells enhance IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 production by Toxoplasma gondii-reactive CD4+ T cells","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36724-2","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor promotes cerebral and retinal invasion by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"9","author":"Lopez Corcino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.20586","article-title":"AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of ULK1 regulates ATG9 localization","volume":"8","author":"Mack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0010024","article-title":"Disruption of Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuoles by the mouse p47-resistance GTPases","volume":"1","author":"Martens","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3192","article-title":"Molecular characterization of LC3-associated phagocytosis reveals distinct roles for Rubicon, NOX2 and autophagy proteins","volume":"17","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1846","article-title":"Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages","volume":"11","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102041","article-title":"IFN-gamma elicits macrophage autophagy via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"189","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.3.563","article-title":"A family of transmembrane microneme proteins of Toxoplasma gondii contain EGF-like domains and function as escorters","volume":"115","author":"Meissner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.049","article-title":"Spatial control of the TSC complex integrates insulin and nutrient regulation of mTORC1 at the lysosome","volume":"156","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/26506","article-title":"A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy","volume":"395","author":"Mizushima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005","article-title":"The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation","volume":"27","author":"Mizushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.12.1783","article-title":"Invasion by Toxoplasma gondii establishes a moving junction that selectively excludes host cell plasma membrane proteins on the basis of their membrane anchoring","volume":"190","author":"Mordue","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109101200","article-title":"Integrin-induces epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activation requires c-Src and p130Cas and leads to phosphorylation of specific EGF receptor tyrosines","volume":"277","author":"Moro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003809","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii-induced activation of EGFR prevents autophagy protein-mediated killing of the parasite","volume":"9","author":"Muniz-Feliciano","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13987","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate in the regulation of autophagy membrane dynamics","volume":"284","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002784","article-title":"The rhoptry proteins ROP18 and ROP5 mediate Toxoplasma gondii evasion of the murine, but not the human, IFN-gamma response","volume":"8","author":"Niedelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00416-13","article-title":"Cell death of gamma interferon-stimulated human fibroblasts upon Toxoplasma gondii infection induces early parasite egress and limits parasite replication","volume":"81","author":"Niedelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003557","article-title":"The protein kinase double-stranded RNA-dependent (PKR) enhances protection against disease cause by a non-viral pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Ogolla","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302822","article-title":"Role of mouse and human autophagy proteins in IFN-gamma-induced cell-autonomous responses against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"192","author":"Ohshima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.12.011","article-title":"Early steps in autophagy depend on direct phosphorylation of Atg9 by the Atg1 kinase","volume":"53","author":"Papinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2016.1178447","article-title":"Targeting by AutophaGy proteins (TAG): targeting of IFNG-inducible GTPases to membranes by the LC3 conjugation system of autophagy","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.07.002","article-title":"Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy","volume":"122","author":"Pattingre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.02.018","article-title":"Mitochondria restrict growth of the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii by limiting its uptake of fatty acids","volume":"27","author":"Pernas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.908","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cell to degrade tryptophan","volume":"81","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014472","article-title":"The CD40-autophagy pathway is needed for host protection despite IFN-\u03b3-dependent immunity and CD40 induces autophagy via control of p21 levels","volume":"5","author":"Portillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006671","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii induces FAK-Src-STAT3 signaling during infection of host cells that prevents parasite targeting by autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Portillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3390\/cells6020013","article-title":"Activation of the EGF receptor by ligand binding and oncogenic mutations: the \u201cRotation Model\u201d","volume":"6","author":"Purba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27849","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.567057","article-title":"The Toxoplasma pseudokinase ROP5 is an allosteric inhibitor of the immunity-related GTPases","volume":"289","author":"Reese","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015980108","article-title":"Polymorphic family of injected pseudokinases is paramount in Toxoplasma virulence","volume":"108","author":"Reese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1312-1318.2000","article-title":"The CD40\/CD40 ligand interaction is required for resistance to toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"68","author":"Reichmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2757","article-title":"ULK1 induces autophagy by phosphorylating Beclin-1 and activating VPS34 lipid kinase","volume":"15","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133690","article-title":"Polymorphic secreted kinases are key virulence factors in toxoplasmosis","volume":"314","author":"Saeij","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06421","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling in macrophages links the autophagy pathway to phagocytosis","volume":"450","author":"Sanjuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01585.x","article-title":"Invasion factors are coupled to key signalling events leading to the establishment of infection in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3767","article-title":"Essential role for GABARAP autophagy proteins in interferon-inducible GTPase-mediated host defense","volume":"18","author":"Sasai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003320","article-title":"Guanylate-binding protein 1 (Gbp1) contributes to cell-autonomous immunity against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"9","author":"Selleck","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01157","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01157-15","article-title":"A Noncanonical autophagy pathway restricts Toxoplasma gondii growth in a strain-specific manner in IFN-gamma-activated human cells","volume":"6","author":"Selleck","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07255.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii transmembrane microneme proteins and their modular design","volume":"77","author":"Sheiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.09.013","article-title":"Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses autophagy by inhibiting PKR activity","volume":"48","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra42","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000751","article-title":"TRAF6 and A20 regulate lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of Beclin-1 to control TLR4-induced autophagy","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00990.x","article-title":"Invasion and intracellular survival by protozoan parasites","volume":"240","author":"Sibley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2008.09.004","article-title":"IGF-I, EGF, and sex steroids regulate autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells via the mTOR pathway","volume":"88","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153197","article-title":"Molecular dissection of host cell invasion by the apicomplexans: the glideosome","volume":"15","author":"Soldati-Favre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000576","article-title":"Phosphorylation of mouse immunity-related GTPase (IRG) resistnace proteins is an evasion strategy for virulent Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Steinfeldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2979","article-title":"Cargo recognition and trafficking in selective autophagy","volume":"16","author":"Stolz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.3717","article-title":"CD40-TRAF6 and autophagy-dependent anti-microbial activity in macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Subauste","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.11.6690","article-title":"CD40-CD40 ligand interaction is central to cell-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma gondii: patients with hyper IgM syndrome have a defective type-1 immune response which can be restored by soluble CD40L trimer","volume":"162","author":"Subauste","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.220","article-title":"Non-autophagic roles of autophagy-related proteins","volume":"14","author":"Subramani","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810452105","article-title":"Identification of Barkor as a mammalian autophagy-specific factor for Beclin 1 and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012485299","article-title":"Regulation of starvation- and virus-induced autophagy by the eIF2\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"99","author":"Talloczy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.2176","article-title":"PKR-dependent autophagic degradation of herpes simplex virus type 1","volume":"2","author":"Talloczy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133643","article-title":"A secreted serine-threonine kinase determines virulence in the eukaryotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"314","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01761-X","article-title":"Mix and match modules: structure and function of microneme proteins in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"17","author":"Tomley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01145-12","article-title":"CD40 induces anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity in non-hematopoietic cells dependent on autophagy proteins","volume":"81","author":"Van Grol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011733","article-title":"HIV-1 inhibits autophagy in bystander macrophages\/monocytic cells through Src-Akt and STAT3","volume":"5","author":"Van Grol","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.1.2","article-title":"CD40-CD40 ligand","volume":"67","author":"Van Kooten","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Leuk. Biol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807890200","article-title":"Host cell autophagy is induced by Toxoplasma gondii and contributes to parasite growth","volume":"284","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2008.06.001","article-title":"JNK1-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 regulates starvation-induced autophagy","volume":"30","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.140426","article-title":"The LC3 interactome at a glance","volume":"127","author":"Wild","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.6.2019","article-title":"Human endothelial cells are activated by IFN-\u03b3 to inhibit Toxoplasma gondii replication","volume":"147","author":"Woodman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.4.439","article-title":"Gefitinib inhibits the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in HeLa cells","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/35052073","article-title":"Untangling the ErbB signalling network","volume":"2","author":"Yarden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.07.023","article-title":"Autophagy: a regulated bulk degradation process inside cells","volume":"313","author":"Yoshimori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804190","article-title":"Virulent Toxoplasma gondii evade immunity-related GTPase-mediated parasite vacuole disruption within primed macrophages","volume":"182","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00738-07","article-title":"Rapid elimination of Toxoplasma gondii by gamma interferon-primed mouse macrophages is independent of CD40 signaling","volume":"75","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.003","article-title":"Autophagosome-independent essential function for the autophagy protein Atg5 in cellular immunity to intracellular pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00139\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T06:23:37Z","timestamp":1694845417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00139\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"article-number":"139"}}