{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:39:47Z","timestamp":1792507187807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008439","name":"Texas Christian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T04:39:00Z","timestamp":1571373540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model for Bacillus anthracis Sterne"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jacob A.","family":"Malmquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison R.","family":"Rogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shauna M.","family":"McGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03861.x","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis requires siderophore biosynthesis for growth in macrophages and mouse virulence","volume":"51","author":"Cendrowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07790.x","article-title":"HtrA is a major virulence determinant of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"81","author":"Chitlaru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2007.24","article-title":"Targeting virulence: a new paradigm for antimicrobial therapy","volume":"3","author":"Clatworthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2009.09.005","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the virulence of invertebrate and mammalian pathogenic bacteria in the oral insect infection model Galleria mellonella","volume":"103","author":"Fedhila","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01614-13","article-title":"Novel role for the yceGH tellurite resistance genes in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"82","author":"Franks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04848.x","article-title":"The solute-binding component of a putative Mn(II) ABC transporter (MntA) is a novel Bacillus anthracis virulence determinant","volume":"58","author":"Gat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5638-5_2","article-title":"Of model hosts and man: using Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Galleria mellonella as model hosts for infectious disease research","volume":"710","author":"Glavis-Bloom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00523.x","article-title":"Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for innate immunity to pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Gravato-Nobre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02079","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02079-18","article-title":"Petrobactin protects against oxidative stress and enhances sporulation efficiency in Bacillus anthracis sterne","volume":"9","author":"Hagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4420-4422.2005","article-title":"Complement depletion renders C57BL\/6 mice sensitive to the Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain","volume":"73","author":"Harvill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00925-10","article-title":"Role of purine biosynthesis in Bacillus anthracis pathogenesis and virulence","volume":"79","author":"Jenkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.09.002","article-title":"Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06958.x","article-title":"BslA, the S-layer adhesin of B. anthracis, is a virulence factor for anthrax pathogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Kern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029122","article-title":"The pore-forming protein Cry5B elicits the pathogenicity of Bacillus sp. against Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"6","author":"Kho","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.586-595.1994","article-title":"Regulation of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene: CO2 and a trans-acting element activate transcription from one of two promoters","volume":"176","author":"Koehler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00159-7","article-title":"Efficient amplification of multiple transposon-flanking sequences","volume":"41","author":"Kwon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1312","article-title":"NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen","volume":"4","author":"Lambeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00244-12","article-title":"Differential contribution of Bacillus anthracis toxins to pathogenicity in two animal models","volume":"80","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.24930","article-title":"Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model for group A streptococcus","volume":"4","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1159\/000225955","article-title":"ClpX contributes to innate defense peptide resistance and virulence phenotypes of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"1","author":"McGillivray","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-007-9069-9","article-title":"Effect of pre-incubation temperature on susceptibility of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection by Candida albicans","volume":"165","author":"Mowlds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00883.x","article-title":"Sequence, assembly and analysis of pX01 and pX02","volume":"87","author":"Okinaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.01.010","article-title":"Commingling regulatory systems following acquisition of virulence plasmids by Bacillus anthracis","volume":"16","author":"Perego","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4392","DOI":"10.3791\/4392","article-title":"The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Ramarao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01586","article-title":"The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria","volume":"423","author":"Read","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA116827","article-title":"Elaboration of Bacillus anthracis antigens in a new, defined culture medium","volume":"39","author":"Ristroph","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00238","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00238-12","article-title":"Thermal control of microbial development and virulence: molecular mechanisms of microbial temperature sensing","volume":"3","author":"Shapiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","article-title":"Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002964","article-title":"Anthrax toxins inhibit neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contribute to the pathogenesis of meningitis","volume":"3","author":"van Sorge","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(88)90048-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis and genetic control of resistance to the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"4","author":"Welkos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00360\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T04:39:03Z","timestamp":1571373543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00360\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"article-number":"360"}}