{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:42:57Z","timestamp":1791920577935,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1579580842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Amanzougaghene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.101825","article-title":"Spinosad: an effective and safe pediculicide","volume":"3","author":"Aditya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3390\/insects8010004","article-title":"RNA interference for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control","volume":"8","author":"Airs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"79","article-title":"Transformation of the head form of Pediculus humanus into the body form under changed conditions of existence","volume":"60","author":"Alpatov","year":"1955","journal-title":"Bull Mosc. Nat Hist Res Soc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5570-3","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, among primary school girls in Saudi Arabia, with reference to their prevalence","volume":"116","author":"Al-Shahrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005142","article-title":"Head lice of pygmies reveal the presence of relapsing fever borreliae in the Republic of Congo","volume":"10","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.02.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of Pediculus humanus reveals a new Amazonian clade F.","volume":"70","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.005","article-title":"Mutations in GluCl associated with field ivermectin-resistant head lice from Senegal","volume":"52","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007569","article-title":"Complexin in ivermectin resistance in body lice","volume":"14","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184621","article-title":"Detection of bacterial pathogens including potential new species in human head lice from Mali","volume":"12","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164659","article-title":"High ancient genetic diversity of human lice, Pediculus humanus, from Israel reveals new insights into the origin of clade B lice","volume":"11","author":"Amanzougaghene","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110453","article-title":"Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana genotype C in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Angelakis","year":"","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00804.x","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in head louse nits","volume":"62","author":"Angelakis","year":"","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004522","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis) in a Somali refugee arriving in Italy: a re-emerging Infection in Europe?","volume":"10","author":"Antinori","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2016.01.004","article-title":"Louse-borne relapsing fever among East African refugees in Europe","volume":"14","author":"Antinori","year":"","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01694-X","article-title":"Ten thousand years of head lice infection","volume":"16","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22336","article-title":"Mitochondrial diversity in human head louse populations across the Americas","volume":"152","author":"Ascunce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14188","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14188","article-title":"High diversity and rapid diversification in the head louse, Pediculus humanus (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera)","volume":"5","author":"Ashfaq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"82","article-title":"Q fever: a zoonosis","volume":"5","author":"Babudieri","year":"1959","journal-title":"Adv. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1359","article-title":"Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference","volume":"25","author":"Baum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70150-6","article-title":"Epidemic typhus","volume":"8","author":"Bechah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.131655","article-title":"Risk factors for human lice and bartonellosis among the homeless, San Francisco, California, USA","volume":"20","author":"Bonilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003724","article-title":"The biology and taxonomy of head and body lice\u2013implications for louse-borne disease prevention","volume":"9","author":"Bonilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1506.090054","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in body lice and head lice from homeless persons, San Francisco, California, USA","volume":"15","author":"Bonilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.017","article-title":"The origin and distribution of human lice in the world","volume":"23","author":"Boutellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12058","article-title":"Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria","volume":"29","author":"Boutellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076818","article-title":"Evidence of sympatry of clade a and clade B head lice in a pre-Columbian Chilean mummy from Camarones","volume":"8","author":"Boutellis","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121480","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Boutellis","year":"","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0845","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in head lice from S\u00e9n\u00e9gal","volume":"12","author":"Boutellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.08.007","article-title":"No evidence of Bartonella quintana but detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in head lice from elementary schoolchildren in Paris","volume":"34","author":"Bouvresse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx117","article-title":"Primates, lice and bacteria: speciation and genome evolution in the symbionts of hominid lice","volume":"34","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03782.x","article-title":"Taxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the post-genomic era","volume":"18","author":"Boyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144739","article-title":"Arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder","volume":"56","author":"Brouqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-13-5","article-title":"Single application of 4% dimeticone liquid gel versus two applications of 1% permethrin creme rinse for treatment of head louse infestation: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035419","article-title":"1,2-Octanediol, a novel surfactant, for treating head louse infestation: identification of activity, formulation, and randomised, controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Burgess","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"1703","article-title":"Head lice","volume":"2015","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2206","article-title":"Molecular survey of head and body lice, Pediculus humanus, in France","volume":"18","author":"Candy","year":"","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5722-5","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of five essential oils against Pediculus humanus capitis","volume":"117","author":"Candy","year":"","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)09458-1","article-title":"Scabies and pediculosis","volume":"355","author":"Chosidow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905471","article-title":"Oral ivermectin versus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice","volume":"362","author":"Chosidow","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2008.10.007","article-title":"Determination, mechanism and monitoring of knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.11.008","article-title":"Utilization of the human louse genome to study insecticide resistance and innate immune response","volume":"120","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.03.008","article-title":"Human lice: past, present and future control","volume":"3","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00183","article-title":"Hemocytes from Pediculus humanus humanus are hosts for human bacterial pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Coulaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2011.09.007","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in Ethiopian lice","volume":"35","author":"Cutler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19530","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05232","article-title":"Chitosan, carbon quantum dot, and silica nanoparticle mediated dsRNA delivery for gene silencing in Aedes aegypti: a comparative analysis","volume":"7","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.013","article-title":"Head lice probably resistant to ivermectin recovered from two rural girls in Dielmo, a village in Sine-Saloum, Senegal","volume":"47","author":"Diatta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0685","article-title":"Prevalence of Bartonella quintana in patients with fever and head lice from rural areas of Sine-Saloum, Senegal","volume":"91","author":"Diatta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.02.008","article-title":"Host switching of human lice to new world monkeys in South America","volume":"39","author":"Drali","year":"","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058088","article-title":"Distinguishing body lice from head lice by multiplex real-time PCR analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 gene","volume":"8","author":"Drali","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PoH-0005-2014","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PoH-0005-2014","article-title":"Human lice in paleoentomology and paleomicrobiology","volume":"4","author":"Drali","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0552","article-title":"Studies of ancient lice reveal unsuspected past migrations of vectors","volume":"93","author":"Drali","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0686","article-title":"A new clade of african body and head lice infected by Bartonella quintana and Yersinia pestis-Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"93","author":"Drali","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.5.1158-1160.1996","article-title":"Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana infection in a seronegative hemodialyzed patient","volume":"34","author":"Drancourt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03806.x","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in head lice: clinical, parasitological and genetic aspects","volume":"18","author":"Durand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"The sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura) of the world: a taxonomic checklist with records of mammalian hosts and geographical distributions. Bulletin of the AMNH; no. 218,\n            DurdenL. A.\n            MusserG. G.\n          Sucking Lice and Hosts1994"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00046","article-title":"Endosymbiotic bacteria in insects: guardians of the immune system?","volume":"4","author":"Eleftherianos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx039","article-title":"Molecular markers of pesticide resistance and pathogens in human head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from rural Georgia, USA","volume":"54","author":"Eremeeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.03.021","article-title":"Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired infections","volume":"17","author":"Eveillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-014-0094-4","article-title":"Treatment of pediculosis capitis: a critical appraisal of the current literature","volume":"15","author":"Feldmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1086\/499279","article-title":"Oral ivermectin in the treatment of body lice","volume":"193","author":"Foucault","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020111","article-title":"Human pathogens in body and head lice","volume":"8","author":"Fournier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B62","first-page":"764","article-title":"Infection latente et conservation de Rickettsia burnetii chez l'homme, le r\u00f4le du pou","volume":"47","author":"Giroud","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull Soc. Pathol. Exotique"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"297","article-title":"The transmission of typhus fever, with especial reference to transmission by the head louse (Pediculus capitis),","author":"Goldberger","year":"1912","journal-title":"Public Health Report 1896-1970"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1107-1231","article-title":"RNAi for insect-proof plants","volume":"25","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146711","article-title":"Sex-linked genetic influence on caste determination in a termite","volume":"318","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01627.x","article-title":"Spiroplasma and host immunity: activation of humoral immune responses increases endosymbiont load and susceptibility to certain Gram-negative bacterial pathogens in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"13","author":"Herren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07436.x","article-title":"An experimental model of human body louse infection with Rickettsia typhi","volume":"990","author":"Houhamdi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1086\/508995","article-title":"Experimental model to evaluate the human body louse as a vector of plague","volume":"194","author":"Houhamdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.526","article-title":"Experimental infection of human body lice with Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"74","author":"Houhamdi","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.521","article-title":"Experimentally infected human body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) as vectors of Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia conorii in a rabbit model","volume":"74","author":"Houhamdi","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"297","article-title":"Typhus fevers in kashmir state. Part II. Murine Typhus","volume":"39","author":"Kalra","year":"1951","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000004285","article-title":"Hermaphroditism and other Abnormalities in Pediculus humanus","volume":"11","author":"Keilin","year":"1919","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.05.1024","article-title":"Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii in human head and body lice from Ethiopia and identification of new genotypes","volume":"16","author":"Kempf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.01.011","article-title":"Comparison of the humoral and cellular immune responses between body and head lice following bacterial challenge","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12292","article-title":"Comparison of the proliferation and excretion of Bartonella quintana between body and head lice following oral challenge","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2012.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of the immune response in alimentary tract tissues from body versus head lice following Escherichia coli oral infection","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12168","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003379107","article-title":"Genome sequences of the human body louse and its primary endosymbiont provide insights into the permanent parasitic lifestyle","volume":"107","author":"Kirkness","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00507-4","article-title":"Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing","volume":"13","author":"Kittler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.05.006","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an esterase involved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis","volume":"112","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1707-1709.2001","article-title":"Detection and culture of Bartonella quintana, Serratia marcescens, and Acinetobacter spp. from decontaminated human body lice","volume":"39","author":"La Scola","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050101","article-title":"Bartonella quintana in domestic cat","volume":"11","author":"La","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2010.01024.x","article-title":"Decreased detoxification genes and genome size make the human body louse an efficient model to study xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.120816","article-title":"Transmission and maintenance cycle of Bartonella quintana among Rhesus Macaques, China","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000641","article-title":"Genotyping of human lice suggests multiple emergencies of body lice from local head louse populations","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1618.1","article-title":"Geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) based on mitochondrial data","volume":"94","author":"Light","year":"","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.03.014","article-title":"What's in a name: the taxonomic status of human head and body lice","volume":"47","author":"Light","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"119","article-title":"Studies on the murine origin of typhus epidemics in North China. 3. Isolation of murine typhus Rickettsia from rats, rat-fleas and body-lice of patients during an epidemic in a poor house","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"1944","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2930-5","article-title":"Detection of bacterial pathogens in clade E head lice collected from Niger's refugees in Algeria","volume":"11","author":"Louni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000506","article-title":"The honey bee epigenomes: differential methylation of brain DNA in queens and workers","volume":"8","author":"Lyko","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.06.003","article-title":"Human head lice and pubic lice reveal the presence of several Acinetobacter species in Algiers, Algeria","volume":"53","author":"Mana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.01059.x","article-title":"The clinical trials supporting benzyl alcohol lotion 5% (Ulesfia): a safe and effective topical treatment for head lice (Pediculosis humanus capitis)","volume":"27","author":"Meinking","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705873200","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species modulate Anopheles gambiae immunity against bacteria and Plasmodium","volume":"283","author":"Molina-Cruz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75855-6_13","article-title":"Human lice: Pediculus and Pthirus,","volume-title":"Paleomicrobiology","author":"Mumcuoglu","year":"2008"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35086.x","article-title":"Virulence of Rickettsia prowazeki for head lice","volume":"266","author":"Murray","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02796.x","article-title":"Larval environmental stress alters Aedes aegypti competence for Sindbis virus","volume":"16","author":"Muturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-018-0152-3","article-title":"Diversification of the muscle proteome through alternative splicing","volume":"8","author":"Nakka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2012.01132.x","article-title":"Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of head and body lice","volume":"21","author":"Olds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6808com","article-title":"Host-symbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice","volume":"21","author":"Perotti","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21427","article-title":"Parasites and human evolution","volume":"23","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol. Anthropol. Issues News Rev."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121542","article-title":"Plague epidemics and lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"19","author":"Piarroux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2013.03.010","article-title":"The genomics of human lice: from the genome to the potential for future control strategies","volume":"106","author":"Pittendrigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12077","article-title":"Differential gene expression in laboratory strains of human head and body lice when challenged with Bartonella quintana, a pathogenic bacterium","volume":"23","author":"Previte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PoH-0001-2014","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PoH-0001-2014","article-title":"A personal view of how paleomicrobiology aids our understanding of the role of lice in plague pandemics","volume":"4","author":"Raoult","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90102-3","article-title":"Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana isolation in patient with chronic adenopathy, lymphopenia, and a cat","volume":"343","author":"Raoult","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1086\/498534","article-title":"Evidence for louse-transmitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon's Grand Army in Vilnius","volume":"193","author":"Raoult","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1086\/526520","article-title":"Molecular identification of lice from pre-Columbian mummies","volume":"197","author":"Raoult","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1086\/520454","article-title":"The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseases","volume":"29","author":"Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-5-7","article-title":"Pair of lice lost or parasites regained: the evolutionary history of anthropoid primate lice","volume":"5","author":"Reed","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020340","article-title":"Genetic analysis of lice supports direct contact between modern and archaic humans","volume":"2","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0842-5","article-title":"Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii","volume":"90","author":"Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020278","article-title":"Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, B. koehlerae, B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, Rickettsia felis, and Wolbachia pipientis in cat fleas, France","volume":"9","author":"Rolain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.02.008","article-title":"Doxycycline kills human lice through its activity on their bacterial symbiont","volume":"45","author":"Sangar\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0707","article-title":"Detection of Bartonella quintana in African body and head lice","volume":"91","author":"Sangar\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8962685","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8962685","article-title":"Management and treatment of human lice","volume":"2016","author":"Sangar\u00e9","year":"","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.001","article-title":"Synergistic activity of antibiotics combined with ivermectin to kill body lice","volume":"47","author":"Sangar\u00e9","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0110:FMEOBQ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), collected from Nepalese children","volume":"43","author":"Sasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000109","article-title":"Microbial symbiosis and the control of vector-borne pathogens in tsetse flies, human lice, and triatomine bugs","volume":"107","author":"Sassera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150632","article-title":"Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) as natural reservoir of Bartonella quintana","volume":"21","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2013.08.014","article-title":"Towards the elements of successful insect RNAi","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evs088","article-title":"Evolution of extensively fragmented mitochondrial genomes in the lice of humans","volume":"4","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1978.tb03591.x","article-title":"Oral therapy of pediculosis capitis with cotrimoxazole","volume":"98","author":"Shashindran","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071527998","article-title":"Gregarious behavior in desert locusts is evoked by touching their back legs","volume":"98","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0742-4","article-title":"Molecular survey of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand and its potential role for transmitting Acinetobacter spp","volume":"8","author":"Sunantaraporn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4636","article-title":"Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome","volume":"5","author":"Terrapon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq234","article-title":"Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa","volume":"28","author":"Toups","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv151","article-title":"Alternative splice in alternative lice","volume":"32","author":"Tovar-Corona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1805","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001805","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Acinetobacters: three genomes for three lifestyles","volume":"3","author":"Vallenet","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.09.003","article-title":"Biology and genetics of human head and body lice","volume":"28","author":"Veracx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1952.1.809","article-title":"The behavior of Rickettsia akari in the body louse after artificial infection","volume":"1","author":"Weyer","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2011.01097.x","article-title":"Brief exposures of human body lice to sub-lethal amounts of ivermectin over transcribes detoxification genes involved in tolerance","volume":"20","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T04:27:27Z","timestamp":1579580847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"article-number":"474"}}