{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:54:28Z","timestamp":1790373268182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:32:27Z","timestamp":1589866347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Immunoserological Diagnosis of Human Borrelioses: Current Knowledge and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Talagrand-Reboul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Raffetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Zachary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Jaulhac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.1.1-9.1996","article-title":"Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans","volume":"34","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.12.3090-3095.1993","article-title":"Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease","volume":"31","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.173-181.1999","article-title":"The immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody response to OspA and OspB correlates with severe and prolonged Lyme arthritis and the IgG response to P35 correlates with mild and brief arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Akin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-79","article-title":"Diagnostic challenges of early Lyme disease: lessons from a community case series","volume":"9","author":"Aucott","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00071-16","article-title":"CCL19 as a chemokine risk factor for posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome: a prospective clinical cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Aucott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001815","article-title":"Division of the genus Borrelia into two genera (corresponding to Lyme disease and relapsing fever groups) reflects their genetic and phenotypic distinctiveness and will lead to a better understanding of these two groups of microbes (Margos et al. (2016) There is inadequate evidence to support the division of the genus Borrelia","volume":"67","author":"Barbour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-0943-1","article-title":"Two unusual cases of diffuse acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans seronegative for Lyme borreliosis","volume":"22","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000269672.17807.e0","article-title":"Relevance of the antibody index to diagnose Lyme neuroborreliosis among seropositive patients","volume":"69","author":"Blanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1086\/648674","article-title":"2-tiered antibody testing for early and late Lyme disease using only an immunoglobulin G blot with the addition of a VlsE band as the second-tier test","volume":"50","author":"Branda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir464","article-title":"Two-tiered antibody testing for Lyme disease with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays, a whole-cell sonicate enzyme immunoassay followed by a VlsE C6 peptide enzyme immunoassay","volume":"53","author":"Branda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit235","article-title":"Performance of United States serologic assays in the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis acquired in Europe","volume":"57","author":"Branda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix043","article-title":"Evaluation of modified 2-tiered serodiagnostic testing algorithms for early Lyme disease","volume":"64","author":"Branda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000758","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in male professional football players","author":"Breitbart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01215-15","article-title":"Outer surface protein OspC is an antiphagocytic factor that protects Borrelia burgdorferi from phagocytosis by macrophages","volume":"83","author":"Carrasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"590","article-title":"Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11383","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b02803","article-title":"Quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi membrane proteins in human serum: a new concept for detection of bacterial infection","volume":"87","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv310","article-title":"A highly expressed human protein, apolipoprotein B-100, serves as an autoantigen in a subgroup of patients with Lyme disease","volume":"212","author":"Crowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.003","article-title":"Emerging borreliae - expanding beyond Lyme borreliosis","volume":"31","author":"Cutler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000009","article-title":"Multiplex assay (Mikrogen recomBead) for detection of serum IgG and IgM antibodies to 13 recombinant antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in patients with neuroborreliosis: the more the better?","volume":"64","author":"Dessau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.08.025","article-title":"To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: a position paper of ESGBOR, the ESCMID study group for Lyme borreliosis","volume":"24","author":"Dessau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.392","article-title":"Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"167","author":"Dressler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549850160918","article-title":"Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi strains in Lyme arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Eiffert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.009","article-title":"Values of diagnostic tests for the various species of spirochetes","volume":"49","author":"Eldin","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2018.11.011","article-title":"Review of European and American guidelines for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Eldin","year":"","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.2.419-427.1995","article-title":"Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Engstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007404620701","article-title":"Longterm survey (7 years) in a population at risk for Lyme borreliosis: what happens to the seropositive individuals?","volume":"14","author":"Fahrer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.5.788","article-title":"Persistence of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients treated for Lyme disease","volume":"15","author":"Feder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80341-6","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi P35 and P37 proteins, expressed in vivo, elicit protective immunity","volume":"6","author":"Fikrig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00254","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of tick-borne African relapsing fevers: latest developments","volume":"3","author":"Fotso Fotso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0436","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of Borrelia crocidurae","volume":"94","author":"Fotso Fotso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005404","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005404","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 inhibits the classical pathway by blocking activation of the C1 complement complex","volume":"12","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.09.007","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical outcomes after treatment of a national cohort of PCR-positive Lyme arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Grillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.10.008","article-title":"Common misconceptions about Lyme disease","volume":"126","author":"Halperin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300212","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis: a new sensitive diagnostic assay for intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia burgdorferi\u2013specific immunoglobulin G, A, and M","volume":"30","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.2.399","article-title":"The clinical and epidemiological profile of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Denmar 1985-1990. A prospective study of 187 patients with Borrelia burgdorferi specific intrathecal antibody production","volume":"115","author":"Hansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.1.166-173.1991","article-title":"Improved immunoglobulin M serodiagnosis in Lyme borreliosis by using a mu-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with biotinylated Borrelia burgdorferi flagella","volume":"29","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6121-0","article-title":"Seronegative Lyme neuroborreliosis in a patient on treatment for chronic lymphatic leukemia","volume":"35","author":"Harrer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.6.1433-1444.1997","article-title":"Interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots for three European species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"35","author":"Hauser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.4.456-462.1998","article-title":"Diagnostic value of proteins of three Borrelia species (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato) and implications for development and use of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Hauser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.7.2241-2247.1999","article-title":"Validity of interpretation criteria for standardized Western blots (immunoblots) for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis based on sera collected throughout Europe","volume":"37","author":"Hauser","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-0028","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid free light chains as diagnostic biomarker in neuroborreliosis","volume":"56","author":"Hegen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-007-0333-6","article-title":"Seronegative Lyme arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Holl-Wieden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"591","article-title":"Quality of Lyme disease serology. Lessons from the German proficiency testing program 1999-2001. A preliminary report","volume":"114","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000213074","article-title":"When is the best time to order a Western blot and how should it be interpreted?","volume":"37","author":"Hunfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.10.011","article-title":"Increased IFN\u03b1 activity and differential antibody response in patients with a history of Lyme disease and persistent cognitive deficits","volume":"255","author":"Jacek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.02.013","article-title":"Evaluation of a serological test for the diagnosis of Borrelia miyamotoi disease in Europe","volume":"136","author":"Jahfari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.05.001","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis and other tick-borne diseases. Guidelines from the French scientific societies (II). Biological diagnosis, treatment, persistent symptoms after documented or suspected Lyme borreliosis","volume":"49","author":"Jaulhac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.2.346","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting","volume":"174","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-11-199312010-00004","article-title":"Occurrence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with nonspirochetal subacute bacterial endocarditis","volume":"119","author":"Kaell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1086\/322669","article-title":"Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Kalish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02231784","article-title":"False positive ELISA serologic test for lyme borreliosis in patients with connective tissue diseases","volume":"12","author":"Keymeulen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.03.009","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of Borrelia miyamotoi disease by measuring antibodies against GlpQ and variable major proteins","volume":"24","author":"Koetsveld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0191725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191725","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection in California: serodiagnosis is complicated by multiple endemic Borrelia species","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131587","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato seroreactivity and seroprevalence in the Northeastern United States","volume":"20","author":"Krause","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1215469","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3997-4004.1999","article-title":"Human antibody responses to VlsE antigenic variation protein of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"37","author":"Lawrenz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00195-08","article-title":"Evaluation of the recombinant VlsE-based liaison chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi and diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"15","author":"Ledue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1468-4","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for Lyme borreliosis in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Leeflang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.10.046","article-title":"Expanding the clinicopathological spectrum of late cutaneous Lyme borreliosis (acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans [ACA]): A prospective study of 20 culture- and\/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-documented cases","volume":"74","author":"Lenormand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3990-3996.1999","article-title":"Sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of Lyme disease by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a peptide based on an immunodominant conserved region of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00547","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00547-19","article-title":"Evaluation of the modified two-tiered testing method for diagnosis of Lyme disease in children","volume":"57","author":"Lipsett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.183","article-title":"Cross-reactivity in serological tests for Lyme disease and other spirochetal infections","volume":"156","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.6.1276-1279.1990","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of nonspecific treponemal antibody in serologic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"28","author":"Magnarelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0701-z","article-title":"Application of nanotrap technology for high sensitivity measurement of urinary outer surface protein A carboxyl-terminus domain in early stage Lyme borreliosis","volume":"13","author":"Magni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0445-7","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE antigen for the serological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"27","author":"Marangoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001717","article-title":"There is inadequate evidence to support the division of the genus Borrelia","volume":"67","author":"Margos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.04.008","article-title":"CXCL13 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis and other neurological disorders determined by Luminex and ELISA","volume":"9","author":"Markowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00167-09","article-title":"Natural killer cell counts are not different between patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome and controls","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit939","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi infection: a first-in-human study","volume":"58","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3474-3479.1998","article-title":"Peptide-based OspC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"36","author":"Mathiesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6832a4","article-title":"Updated CDC recommendation for serologic diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"Mead","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02407-16","article-title":"Evaluation of bioM\u00e9rieux's dissociated vidas Lyme IgM II and IgG II as a first-tier diagnostic assay for Lyme disease","volume":"55","author":"Molins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00874-16","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis serology: performance of several commonly used laboratory diagnostic tests and a large resource panel of well-characterized patient samples","volume":"54","author":"Molins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114362","article-title":"Differentiation of reinfection from relapse in recurrent Lyme disease","volume":"367","author":"Nadelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1086\/324490","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostic techniques for patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans: a comparison of different techniques","volume":"33","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit317","article-title":"Suspected early Lyme neuroborreliosis in patients with erythema migrans","volume":"57","author":"Ogrinc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw299","article-title":"Course and outcome of early European Lyme neuroborreliosis (Bannwarth Syndrome): clinical and laboratory findings","volume":"63","author":"Ogrinc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0205-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of Lyme neuroborreliosis with antibodies to recombinant proteins DbpA, BBK32, and OspC, and VlsE IR6 peptide","volume":"250","author":"Panelius","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90640-9","article-title":"Reinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"2","author":"Pfister","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"957","article-title":"Is IgM of diagnostic value in case of delayed intrathecal production of IgG antibodies?","volume":"111","author":"Pierer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.02.013","article-title":"Point-of-care testing for CXCL13 in Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"91","author":"Pietik\u00e4inen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474","article-title":"Humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00409-10","article-title":"Multiplex immunoassay for Lyme disease using VlsE1-IgG and pepC10-IgM antibodies: improving test performance through bioinformatics","volume":"18","author":"Porwancher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.06.033","article-title":"Unconventional diagnostic tests for Lyme borreliosis: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Raffetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.10.2152-2155.1989","article-title":"Cross-reaction with Borrelia burgdorferi antigen of sera from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, syphilis, and leptospirosis","volume":"27","author":"Raoult","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00501-3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: disease-related data patterns and evaluation programs","volume":"184","author":"Reiber","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00055","article-title":"xMAP technology: applications in detection of pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Reslova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.05.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of seven pathogens transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus tick in forestry workers in France","volume":"22","author":"Rigaud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.007","article-title":"Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 for acute Lyme neuroborreliosis. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000171349.06645.79","article-title":"The chemokine CXCL13 (BLC): a putative diagnostic marker for neuroborreliosis","volume":"65","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1299-1303.2003","article-title":"Significant improvement of the recombinant Borrelia-specific immunoglobulin G immunoblot test by addition of VlsE and a DbpA homologue derived from Borrelia garinii for diagnosis of early neuroborreliosis","volume":"41","author":"Schulte-Spechtel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.10.2483-2492.1996","article-title":"GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis","volume":"34","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.195438","article-title":"The chemokine CXCL13 in acute neuroborreliosis","volume":"81","author":"Senel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03749.x","article-title":"High frequency of false positive IgM immunoblots for Borrelia burgdorferi in clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Seriburi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03175.x","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe","volume":"17","author":"Stanek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000213070","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of lyme borreliosis","volume":"37","author":"Strle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix002","article-title":"T-Helper 17 cell cytokine responses in Lyme disease correlate with Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies during early infection and with autoantibodies late in the illness in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"64","author":"Strle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00098","article-title":"Relapsing fevers: neglected tick-borne diseases","volume":"8","author":"Talagrand-Reboul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00992","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00992-18","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel microarray immunoblot assay for detection of IgM- and IgG-class antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"56","author":"Theel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0315","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid free light chains in Lyme neuroborreliosis - a pilot study","volume":"57","author":"Tjernberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1663","article-title":"Relevance of cerebrospinal fluid variables for early diagnosis of neuroborreliosis","volume":"45","author":"Tumani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00367-10","article-title":"Acute parvovirus B19 infection causes nonspecificity frequently in Borrelia and less often in Salmonella and Campylobacter serology, posing a problem in diagnosis of infectious arthropathy","volume":"18","author":"Tuuminen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168613","article-title":"The accuracy of diagnostic tests for Lyme disease in humans, a systematic review and meta-analysis of North American research","volume":"11","author":"Waddell","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.020","article-title":"Lyme disease overdiagnosis in a large healthcare system: a population-based, retrospective study","volume":"25","author":"Webber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80022-4","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis in Lyme borreliosis","volume":"291","author":"Wilske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/153.2.304","article-title":"Intrathecal production of specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome)","volume":"153","author":"Wilske","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.9.2198-2205.1997","article-title":"Serological responses to Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in patients from New York State","volume":"35","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91475-0","article-title":"False-positive Lyme disease serology in human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"347","author":"Wormser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2016.0101","article-title":"Chemokine CXC ligand 13 in cerebrospinal fluid can be used as an early diagnostic biomarker for lyme neuroborreliosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:32:31Z","timestamp":1589866351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00241","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"article-number":"241"}}