{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:55:39Z","timestamp":1790776539537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mice with different genetic backgrounds have various susceptibilities to infection with <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic>, although the mechanisms underlying are largely unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as one of the most important pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) is essential for the invasion, survival, pathogenesis, and elimination of worms. The roles played by TLR4 in <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection may vary due to the different genetic backgrounds of mice. In the present study, a relatively resistant mouse strain-C57BL\/10 to <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> was used for investigation on the possible roles of TLR4 in the biliary injuries and peribiliary fibrosis. TLR4 wild type (TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>wild<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) and TLR4 defective (TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>def<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>) mice were orally infected with 45 metacercariae of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>, and all <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>-infected mice and non-infected groups were anesthetized on day 28 post-infection. The liver and serum from each mouse were collected for assessment of the biliary injuries and biliary fibrosis. Meanwhile, hepatic leukocytes were isolated and detected for the activation of M1 or M2 macrophage using flow cytometry. The hepatic type 1 immune response and type 2 immune responses -relative molecules were also evaluated using ELISA and quantitative PCR. The data showed that TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>def<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> aggravated liver inflammatory cell infiltrations, bile duct proliferation, biliary and hepatocellular injuries, and ECM deposition in <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic>-infected mice, compared with TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>wild<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice when they were intragastrically administered with the same amounts of <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> metacercaria. Furthermore, the M2-like macrophages and type 2 immune responses were significantly predominant induced in TLR4<jats:sup><jats:italic>def<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice, compared with that of TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>wild<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice following <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection. But the type 1 immune response were significantly decreased in TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>def<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice, compared with TLR4<jats:italic><jats:sup>wild<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> mice after <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection. These data demonstrate that TLR4 deficiency exacerbates biliary injuries and peribiliary fibrosis caused by <jats:italic>C. sinensis<\/jats:italic> in C57BL\/10 strain mice, which is contributed by augments of type 2 immune responses and decrease pro-inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.526997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T04:34:15Z","timestamp":1609821255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["TLR4 Deficiency Exacerbates Biliary Injuries and Peribiliary Fibrosis Caused by Clonorchis sinensis in a Resistant Mouse Strain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian-Yang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Dan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Koda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei-Bei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-Xian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kui-Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. 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