{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:53:50Z","timestamp":1792662830785,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pandemic of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been posing great threats to the world in many aspects. Effective therapeutic and preventive approaches including drugs and vaccines are still unavailable although they are in development. Comprehensive understandings on the life logic of SARS-CoV-2 and the interaction of the virus with hosts are fundamentally important in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we briefly summarized the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 research, including the epidemic situation and epidemiological characteristics of the caused disease COVID-19. We further discussed the biology of SARS-CoV-2, including the origin, evolution, and receptor recognition mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. And particularly, we introduced the protein structures of SARS-CoV-2 and structure-based therapeutics development including antibodies, antiviral compounds, and vaccines, and indicated the limitations and perspectives of SARS-CoV-2 research. We wish the information provided by this review may be helpful to the global battle against SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:58:08Z","timestamp":1606265888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":719,"title":["SARS-CoV-2: Structure, Biology, and Structure-Based Therapeutics Development"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mei-Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Juan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Min","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report","volume":"52","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101174","article-title":"Herbal medicine for treatment of children diagnosed with COVID-19: A review of guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Ang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Therapies Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31310-6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.004","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 disrupts splicing, translation, and protein trafficking to suppress host defenses","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndrome"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00840-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26765-4_1","article-title":"Coronavirus genome structure and replication","volume":"287","author":"Brian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","article-title":"Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Identified by High-Throughput Single-Cell Sequencing of Convalescent Patients\u2019 B Cells","volume":"182","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30360-3","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study","volume":"368","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6952","article-title":"A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.035","article-title":"A Universal Design of Betacoronavirus Vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS","volume":"182","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4489","article-title":"Structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates targeting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease","volume":"368","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.14.151357","article-title":"The D614G mutation in SARS-CoV-2 spike increases transduction of multiple human cell types","author":"Daniloski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020575","article-title":"Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1793322","article-title":"Vertical transmission of SARS CoV-2: a systematic review","author":"Deniz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Maternal-fetal Neonatal Med. Off. J. Eur. Assoc. Perinatal Med. Fed. Asia Oceania Perinatal Soc. Int. Soc. Perinatal Obstet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4621","article-title":"Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn","volume":"323","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000524","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00524-2020","article-title":"Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respirat. J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104447","article-title":"Evidence and possible mechanisms of rare maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"128","author":"Egloff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa226","article-title":"Perinatal Transmission\u00a0of COVID-19 Associated SARS-CoV-2:\u00a0Should We Worry","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. America."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B. Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932","article-title":"Rapid development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7498","article-title":"Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e1","article-title":"Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at Two Family Gatherings - Chicago, Illinois, February-March 2020","volume":"69","author":"Ghinai","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30607-3","article-title":"First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA","volume":"395","author":"Ghinai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020135","article-title":"Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV","volume":"12","author":"Gralinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21656","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","volume":"81","author":"Gurwitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029620944497","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies of COVID-19-Related Hypercoagulant and Thrombotic Complications","volume":"26","author":"Haimei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thrombosis\/Hemostasis Off. J. Int. Acad. Clin. Appl. Thrombosis\/Hemostasis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2013400","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic Cats","volume":"383","author":"Halfmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail","volume":"369","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00818-9","article-title":"COVID-19-Related Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Stroke Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2368-8","article-title":"Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase","volume":"584","author":"Hillen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00459-7","article-title":"Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.20.161323","article-title":"The D614G mutation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances viral infectivity and decreases neutralization sensitivity to individual convalescent sera","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000003926","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vertical Transmission in Neonates Born to Mothers With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia","volume":"136","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022483","article-title":"An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2223-y","article-title":"Structure of M(pro) from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors","volume":"582","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-020-0440-6","article-title":"Structural basis for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease by antineoplastic drug carmofur","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.26.268854","article-title":"Furin Cleavage Site Is Key to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2380-z","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"584","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.023","article-title":"Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.29.069054","article-title":"Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14479","article-title":"Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Kochi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes","volume":"369","author":"Lamers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/jcma.0000000000000319","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc. JCMA"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","article-title":"Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses","volume":"5","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480","article-title":"Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221","article-title":"Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"368","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2020.106420","article-title":"Delving deep into the structural aspects of a furin cleavage site inserted into the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: A structural biophysical perspective","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biophys. Chem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)15788-7","article-title":"Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARS-associated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors","volume":"363","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01112-2020","article-title":"Association between age and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respirat. J."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children","volume":"382","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1737580","article-title":"Timely development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-3192-6","article-title":"Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5765","article-title":"Mechanisms and evidence of vertical transmission of infections in pregnancy including SARS-CoV-2s","author":"Mahyuddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenatal Diagn."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009324","article-title":"Droplets and Aerosols in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"382","author":"Meselson","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105730","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality","volume":"139","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165878","article-title":"Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: Structural genomics approach","volume":"1866","author":"Naqvi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.66.S2.130","article-title":"Current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission: an integrative review","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Da Associacao Med. Bras."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104868","article-title":"Immunoglobulin fragment F(ab\u2019)(2) against RBD potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"182","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13166","article-title":"Delivery in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2: A fast review","volume":"150","author":"Parazzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstetr.: Off. Organ Int. Fed. Gynaecol. Obstetr."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"24","article-title":"Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Central Nervous System Complications: What Neurologist Need to Know","volume":"29","author":"Paybast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Taiwanica"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gofs.2020.03.014","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Information and proposal of management care. CNGOF","volume":"48","author":"Peyronnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstetr. Fertilite Senol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.07.023903","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of a potent sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112932","article-title":"Identifying potential treatments of COVID-19 from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) by using a data-driven approach","volume":"258","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa006","article-title":"Coronaviruses: a paradigm of new emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"77","author":"Salata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015","article-title":"Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2","volume":"368","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y","article-title":"A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"584","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2342-5","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters","volume":"583","author":"Sia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01594","article-title":"Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses","volume":"60","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-020-09781-01-12","article-title":"Human animal interface of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission: a critical appraisal of scientific evidence","volume":"44","author":"Singla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Res. Commun."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2334-5","article-title":"Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"586","author":"Sit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-00763-0","article-title":"Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, the rational use of masks, and protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Sommerstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118056","article-title":"Structural features of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Targets for vaccination","volume":"257","author":"Sternberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1760144","article-title":"Isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from urine of a COVID-19 patient","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25722","article-title":"Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106039","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control","volume":"144","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10121023","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa036","article-title":"On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.04.015","article-title":"Stroke as a complication and prognostic factor of COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Trejo-Gabriel-Gal\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. (Barcelona Spain)"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072657","article-title":"A Review of SARS-CoV-2 and the Ongoing Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Vivanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25705","article-title":"The progress of 2019 novel coronavirus event in China","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16256-y","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.14.988345","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.045","article-title":"Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25748","article-title":"Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72\u00a0314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"180","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.023","article-title":"Identification of Human Single-Domain Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2241","article-title":"A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2","volume":"368","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0305-x","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV)\u00a0infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0374-2","article-title":"Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein","volume":"17","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2313-x","article-title":"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.30.926477","article-title":"Evolution and variation of 2019-novel coronavirus","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0817-4","article-title":"Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712161","article-title":"Vertical Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030324","article-title":"Design of wide-spectrum inhibitors targeting coronavirus main proteases","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45472","article-title":"Zoonotic origins of human coronaviruses","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1560","article-title":"Structural basis for inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir","volume":"368","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","article-title":"DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa077","article-title":"A Familial Cluster of Infection Associated With the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Indicating Possible Person-to-Person Transmission During the Incubation Period","volume":"221","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7269","article-title":"A highly conserved cryptic epitope in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV","volume":"368","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. (N. Y. N.Y.)"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abc3582","article-title":"TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes","volume":"5","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00129","article-title":"Protein Structure and Sequence Reanalysis of 2019-nCoV Genome Refutes Snakes as Its Intermediate Host and the Unique Similarity between Its Spike Protein Insertions and HIV-1","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x2050038x","article-title":"Becoming a Faithful Defender: Traditional Chinese Medicine against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.12.148726","article-title":"The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprint Server Biol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14857","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117","article-title":"Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.03.022","article-title":"Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1142\/s0192415x20500512","article-title":"Potential Targets for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du-Tang and Its Major Herbs","volume":"48","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0912-6","article-title":"Infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)31208-3","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial","volume":"395","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:58:10Z","timestamp":1606265890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"article-number":"587269"}}