{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:59:41Z","timestamp":1790884781682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-16-1-0736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-16-1-0736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1061332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1061332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:20:36Z","timestamp":1604967636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis-Induced Chronic Liver Disease: Role of Extracellular Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hong Kiat","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Jeffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant A.","family":"Ramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Soekmadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0366-z","article-title":"Introduction to extracellular vesicles: biogenesis, RNA cargo selection, content, release, and uptake","volume":"36","author":"Abels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1996.516576.x","article-title":"Upregulation of MHC class II antigen on dendritic cells from hepatitis B virus transgenic mice by interferon-gamma: abrogation of immune response defect to a T-cell-dependent antigen","volume":"87","author":"Akbar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1084-8","article-title":"Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles (EV): exosomes, microvesicles, retrovirus-like vesicles, and apoptotic bodies","volume":"113","author":"Akers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20520","article-title":"Differential lymphotoxin-beta and interferon gamma signaling during mouse liver regeneration induced by chronic and acute injury","volume":"41","author":"Akhurst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2019.00023","article-title":"Naturally occurring exosome vesicles as potential delivery vehicle for bioactive compounds","volume":"3","author":"Akuma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00442","article-title":"Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function","volume":"5","author":"Andreu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1148","article-title":"HBV promotes the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells via the PDGF-B\/PDGFR-\u03b2 signaling pathway in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Bai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1300","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in liver diseases: meeting report from the International Liver Congress 2018","volume":"3","author":"Banales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.11.02","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of liver inflammation and fibrosis by nanomedicine","volume":"3","author":"Bartneck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41624","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305289200","article-title":"Cell entry of hepatitis C virus requires a set of co-receptors that include the CD81 tetraspanin and the SR-B1 scavenger receptor","volume":"278","author":"Bartosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00258","article-title":"Role of liver progenitors in acute liver injury","volume":"4","author":"Best","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6542","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302168110","article-title":"Bone marrow injection stimulates hepatic ductular reactions in the absence of injury via macrophage-mediated TWEAK signaling","volume":"110","author":"Bird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206557","article-title":"Molecular viral oncology of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Block","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.02.005","article-title":"The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Bonilla Guerrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2667","article-title":"Macrophage-derived Wnt opposes Notch signaling to specify hepatic progenitor cell fate in chronic liver disease","volume":"18","author":"Boulter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.021002096.x","article-title":"Role of myofibroblasts in tumour encapsulation of hepatocellular carcinoma in haemochromatosis","volume":"21","author":"Bridle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.12.074","article-title":"A novel therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine induces cellular and humoral immune responses and breaks tolerance in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice","volume":"31","author":"Buchmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0159-5","article-title":"The global burden of liver disease: a challenge for methods and for public health","volume":"12","author":"Byass","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC MWorld J. Gastroenterol. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1075-2","article-title":"Exosomal miR-21 regulates the TETs\/PTENp1\/PTEN pathway to promote hepatocellular carcinoma growth","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.06.004","article-title":"Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"95","author":"Cartier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Interventional Imaging"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)34997-9","article-title":"The biological significance of the thromboplastic protein of blood","volume":"166","author":"Chargaff","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.09.013","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"66","author":"Chayanupatkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02048","article-title":"HBV-induced immune imbalance in the development of HCC","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26768","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of connective tissue growth factor by MicroRNA-214 delivery in exosomes from mouse or human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol. (Baltimore Md.)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.07.011","article-title":"Fibrogenic signaling is suppressed in hepatic stellate cells through targeting of connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) by cellular or exosomal microRNA-199a-5p","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20650","article-title":"Fibrosis correlates with a ductular reaction in hepatitis C: roles of impaired replication, progenitor cells and steatosis","volume":"41","author":"Clouston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(00)80044-8","article-title":"Analysis of a successful immune response against hepatitis C virus","volume":"10","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011124","article-title":"Inhibition of natural killer cells through engagement of CD81 by the major hepatitis C virus envelope protein","volume":"195","author":"Crotta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22351","article-title":"Sinusoidal endothelial cells prevent rat stellate cell activation and promote reversion to quiescence","volume":"48","author":"Deleve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070720","article-title":"Prevention of hepatic fibrosis in a murine model of metabolic syndrome with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"173","author":"DeLeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Decoding the role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases","volume":"1","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02225","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02225-16","article-title":"Exosome-mediated intercellular communication between hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells","volume":"91","author":"Devhare","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.10.009","article-title":"The quest for liver progenitor cells: a practical point of view","volume":"52","author":"Doll\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.010","article-title":"Short-range exosomal transfer of viral RNA from infected cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggers innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Dreux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.663","article-title":"Direct immunosuppressive effects of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1","volume":"165","author":"Dukers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00039","article-title":"TWEAK and LT\u03b2 signaling during chronic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Dwyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00543-15","article-title":"Coronavirus and influenza virus proteolytic priming takes place in tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains","volume":"89","author":"Earnest","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006546","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006546","article-title":"The tetraspanin CD9 facilitates MERS-coronavirus entry by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases","volume":"13","author":"Earnest","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathogen"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i33.5203","article-title":"Flow cytometric detection of hepatitis C virus antigens in infected peripheral blood leukocytes: binding and entry","volume":"11","author":"El-Awady","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199903113401001","article-title":"Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States","volume":"340","author":"El-Serag","year":"1999","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.061","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis","volume":"132","author":"El-Serag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07057.x","article-title":"Effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections on the natural history of compensated cirrhosis: a cohort study of 297 patients","volume":"97","author":"Fattovich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2006.11.010","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus integration, fragile sites, and hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"252","author":"Feitelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/v6020535","article-title":"CD81 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection","volume":"6","author":"F\u00e9n\u00e9ant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.006","article-title":"International diagnostic guidelines for patients with HCV-related extrahepatic manifestations. A multidisciplinary expert statement","volume":"15","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.025","article-title":"Notch signaling regulates tubular morphogenesis during repair from biliary damage in mice","volume":"59","author":"Fiorotto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18944-0","article-title":"Localization of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus protein LMP 1 to exosomes","volume":"84","author":"Flanagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells: protean, multifunctional, and enigmatic cells of the liver","volume":"88","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"1184","article-title":"Tetraspanin CD63 is a regulator of HIV-1 replication","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.722","article-title":"Continuous cell supply from a Sox9-expressing progenitor zone in adult liver, exocrine pancreas and intestine","volume":"43","author":"Furuyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation","author":"Gabay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.495","article-title":"The interleukin-12\/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathologic immune responses","volume":"16","author":"Gately","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17550","article-title":"History, heterogeneity, developmental biology, and functions of quiescent hepatic stellate cells","volume":"21","author":"Geerts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5904","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005904","article-title":"Mortality assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma according to underlying disease and treatment modalities","volume":"96","author":"Golabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-011-9261-3","article-title":"HBV life cycle and novel drug targets","volume":"5","author":"Grimm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5A1214-582R","article-title":"HCV-infected cells and differentiation increase monocyte immunoregulatory galectin-9 production","volume":"99","author":"Harwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20230","article-title":"Vitamin A storage in hepatic stellate cells in the regenerating rat liver: with special reference to zonal heterogeneity","volume":"286","author":"Higashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anatomical Record Part A. Discov. Mol. Cell. Evolution. Biol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.05.007","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis","volume":"121","author":"Higashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28814","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in liver pathobiology: Small particles with big impact","volume":"64","author":"Hirsova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28164","article-title":"Silencing of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6\/E7 oncogene expression affects both the contents and the amounts of extracellular microvesicles released from HPV-positive cancer cells","volume":"133","author":"Honegger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070117","article-title":"Alcoholic liver injury: defenestration in noncirrhotic livers\u2013a scanning electron microscopic study","volume":"7","author":"Horn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.009","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle and particle biomarkers define multiple human cancers","volume":"182","author":"Hoshino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i44.7896","article-title":"An insight into the diagnosis and pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"19","author":"Irshad","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31168","article-title":"Liquid biopsies for hepatocellular cancer and their potential in clinical practice","volume":"71","author":"Jeffrey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2019.01.004","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: etiology and current and future drugs","volume":"9","author":"Jindal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205886","article-title":"The immunological function of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B virus-infected hepatocytes","volume":"13","author":"Kakizaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/654105","article-title":"Hepatocyte turnover in chronic HCV-induced liver injury and cirrhosis","volume":"2015","author":"Karidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101249","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus-associated hepatic fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Khatun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.012","article-title":"Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01346.x","article-title":"Liver inflammation and cytokine production, but not acute phase protein synthesis, accompany the adult liver progenitor (oval) cell response to chronic liver injury","volume":"83","author":"Knight","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00546-09","article-title":"Multiple integrated copies and high-level production of the human retrovirus XMRV (Xenotropic Murine leukemia virus-Related Virus) from 22Rv1 prostate carcinoma cells","volume":"83","author":"Knouf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20562","article-title":"Natural history of compensated cirrhosis in the Child-Pugh class A compared between 490 patients with hepatitis C and 167 with B virus infections","volume":"78","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G143","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00215.2015","article-title":"The role of liver progenitor cells during liver regeneration, fibrogenesis, and carcinogenesis","volume":"310","author":"K\u00f6hn-Gaone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00335","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles including exosomes regulate innate immune responses to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Kouwaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/450574","article-title":"The laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B virus","volume":"16","author":"Krajden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00056","article-title":"Circulating ECV-associated miRNAs as potential clinical biomarkers in early stage HBV and HCV induced liver fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280416","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus X protein up-regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in hepatocytes","volume":"28","author":"Lara-Pezzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203312","article-title":"Transcriptional repression of the human p53 gene by hepatitis B viral X protein","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"1711","article-title":"Human interleukin 6 gene is activated by hepatitis B virus-X protein in human hepatoma cells","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.1999.14.2.175","article-title":"Expression of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines responding to HBsAg and HBxAg in chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.04065.x","article-title":"Lymphotoxin-beta production following bile duct ligation: possible role for Kupffer cells","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2010.10.4.126","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis B virus x protein in hepatocytes suppresses CD8 T cell activity","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.03.004","article-title":"HIV-Nef and ADAM17-containing plasma extracellular vesicles induce and correlate with immune pathogenesis in chronic HIV infection","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2009.01006.x","article-title":"HIV Nef is secreted in exosomes and triggers apoptosis in bystander CD4+ T cells","volume":"11","author":"Lenassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61117-0","article-title":"The role of hepatic stellate cells and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 in cystic Ffbrosis liver disease","volume":"160","author":"Lewindon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22881","article-title":"Hepatitis B: the virus and disease","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2015.07.003","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C","volume":"44","author":"Lingala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clinics North America"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0575-3","article-title":"The miR-92a-2-5p in exosomes from macrophages increases liver cancer cells invasion via altering the AR\/PHLPP\/p-AKT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Different"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13208","article-title":"MiR-122 modification enhances the therapeutic efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells against liver fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Lou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.9.1327","article-title":"Upregulation of lymphotoxin beta expression in liver progenitor (oval) cells in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"52","author":"Lowes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573052","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1573052","article-title":"Tetraspanin-decorated extracellular vesicle-mimetics as a novel adaptable reference material","volume":"8","author":"Lozano-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)92765-1","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus X protein transactivates human interleukin-8 gene through acting on nuclear factor kB and CCAAT\/enhancer-binding protein-like cis-elements","volume":"266","author":"Mah\u00e9","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1269","article-title":"The role of virus-specific CD8(+) cells in liver damage and viral control during persistent hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"191","author":"Maini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(95)90607-x","article-title":"Induction of T-helper cell response to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic hepatitis B: a major factor in activation of the host immune response to the hepatitis B virus","volume":"22","author":"Marinos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22265","article-title":"The hepatitis B virus X protein induces paracrine activation of human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"47","author":"Mart\u00edn-V\u00edlchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay1984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1984","article-title":"Applications of liquid biopsies for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Mattox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Trans. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2011.03.006","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: present and future","volume":"15","author":"McGlynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.01.001","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability","volume":"19","author":"McGlynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"177","article-title":"Progression from acute to chronic hepatitis B is more common in older adults","volume":"87","author":"McKeating","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ulster Med. J."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.022","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer","volume":"133","author":"Meng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009504","article-title":"A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection","volume":"5","author":"Mengshol","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208628","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-related insertional mutagenesis in chronic hepatitis B patients as an early drastic genetic change leading to hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Minami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1043\/1543-2165(2007)131[1728:hscalf]2.0.co;2","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis","volume":"131","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.341","article-title":"Immune pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"188","author":"Nakamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2018.07.003","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and anti-cancer drug resistance","volume":"1870","author":"Namee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20014","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.438895","article-title":"Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells contain trans-activation response element RNA","volume":"288","author":"Narayanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.024","article-title":"Hepatitis B and D viruses exploit sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide for species-specific entry into hepatocytes","volume":"146","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7666","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i43.7666","article-title":"Pathological process of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver diseases","volume":"23","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2017.10.002","article-title":"New insights into sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: Responsible mechanisms and promising strategies","volume":"1868","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605146113","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and viruses: are they close relatives","volume":"113","author":"Nolte-\u2019t Hoen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. States America"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100067","article-title":"Limitations of non-invasive tests for assessment of liver fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200304008","article-title":"Infectious HIV-1 assembles in late endosomes in primary macrophages","volume":"162","author":"Pelchen-Matthews","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21541","article-title":"Dysfunction and functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 responses in chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"45","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.024","article-title":"Taurocholate induces biliary differentiation of liver progenitor cells causing hepatic stellate cell chemotaxis in the ductular reaction: role in pediatric cystic fibrosis liver disease","volume":"187","author":"Pozniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819799116","article-title":"Detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in asymptomatic HBsAg-seropositive individuals by liquid biopsy","volume":"116","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02021-06","article-title":"Liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic human hepatitis C virus infection display an exhausted phenotype with high levels of PD-1 and low levels of CD127 expression","volume":"81","author":"Radziewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081848","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as biological shuttles for targeted therapies","volume":"20","author":"Raimondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.46","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis B: a concise review","volume":"7","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Trans. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221899110","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transmission of hepatitis C virus between human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells","volume":"110","author":"Ramakrishnaiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80424-2","article-title":"Hepatic stellate cell activation in genetic haemochromatosis: Lobular distribution, effect of increasing hepatic iron and response to phlebotomy","volume":"26","author":"Ramm","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65595-2","article-title":"Contribution of hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells to hepatic fibrogenesis in biliary atresia","volume":"153","author":"Ramm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28549","article-title":"Tumor-derived exosomes elicit tumor suppression in murine hepatocellular carcinoma models and humans in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160274","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0274","article-title":"Viral hepatitis and liver cancer","volume":"372","author":"Ringelhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22597","article-title":"Lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling regulates hepatic stellate cell function and wound healing in a murine model of chronic liver injury","volume":"49","author":"Ruddell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662171","article-title":"Exosomes from HIV-1-infected Cells Stimulate Production of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines through Trans-activating Response (TAR) RNA","volume":"291","author":"Sampey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.10.003","article-title":"Transmission of HBV DNA Mediated by Ceramide-Triggered Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"3","author":"Sanada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.10.5320","article-title":"IL-12 is required for natural killer cell activation and subsequent T helper 1 cell development in experimental leishmaniasis","volume":"154","author":"Scharton-Kersten","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02906-12","article-title":"Tetraspanin CD151 mediates papillomavirus type 16 endocytosis","volume":"87","author":"Scheffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439363","article-title":"Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in host-pathogen interactions","volume":"16","author":"Schorey","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i21.2261","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus pathogenesis: Fresh insights into hepatitis B virus RNA","volume":"24","author":"Sekiba","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-019-09875-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles to the central nervous system","volume":"15","author":"Shahjin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26296","article-title":"Up-regulation of circulating miR-20a is correlated with hepatitis C virus-mediated liver disease progression","volume":"58","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq108","article-title":"Age-related changes in scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells","volume":"65","author":"Simon-Santamaria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers5041522","article-title":"Exosomes in prostate cancer: putting together the pieces of a puzzle","volume":"5","author":"Soekmadji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52237","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11111","article-title":"Modulation of paracrine signaling by CD9 positive small extracellular vesicles mediates cellular growth of androgen deprived prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Soekmadji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1809766","article-title":"The future of extracellular vesicles as theranostics \u2013 an ISEV meeting report","volume":"9","author":"Soekmadji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9345","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.18.9345-9354.2002","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus core protein leads to immune suppression and liver damage in a transgenic murine model","volume":"76","author":"Soguero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.68","article-title":"Serum exosomal microRNAs as novel biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Sohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003313","article-title":"Clathrin- and caveolin-independent entry of human papillomavirus type 16\u2013involvement of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs)","volume":"3","author":"Spoden","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091279","article-title":"Involvement of ESCRT-II in hepatitis B virus morphogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Stieler","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01426-2","article-title":"Tsg101 chaperone function revealed by HIV-1 assembly inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Strickland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12995","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from hepatitis B patients serve as reservoir of hepatitis B virus DNA","volume":"26","author":"Sukriti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.475","article-title":"Limitations of liver biopsy and non-invasive diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"20","author":"Sumida","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2295","article-title":"Genome-wide survey of recurrent HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123715","article-title":"Liver-Derived Exosomes and Their Implications in Liver Pathobiology","volume":"19","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2008.03.003","article-title":"Hepatitis C and innate immunity: recent advances","volume":"12","author":"Szabo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics Liver Dis."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fob.2014.04.007","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of long non-coding RNA ROR modulates chemosensitivity in human hepatocellular cancer","volume":"4","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27895","article-title":"Clinical impact of serum exosomal microRNA-21 as a clinical biomarker in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"119","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2282","article-title":"Delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs in tumour cell-derived microparticles","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v6.i9.233","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-persistent infection and innate immunity defect: Cell-related or virus-related","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Clin. cases"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","article-title":"A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23663","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis is a mitogen for liver progenitor cells","volume":"52","author":"Tirnitz-Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26701","article-title":"Role of TWEAK in coregulating liver progenitor cell and fibrogenic responses","volume":"59","author":"Tirnitz-Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.024","article-title":"Identification of NTCP as an HBV receptor: the beginning of the end or the end of the beginning","volume":"146","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05851.x","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes between patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and those with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis","volume":"24","author":"Toshikuni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153124","article-title":"Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes","volume":"319","author":"Trajkovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.019","article-title":"The liver","volume":"27","author":"Trefts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"384","author":"Trepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10573","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i37.10573","article-title":"Biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0237-z","article-title":"Clinical utility of the exosome based ExoDx Prostate(IntelliScore) EPI test in men presenting for initial biopsy with a PSA 2\u201310\u2009ng\/mL","author":"Tutrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22158","article-title":"MicroRNA gene expression profile of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Varnholt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i33.5095","article-title":"Structural and functional aspects of the liver and liver sinusoidal cells in relation to colon carcinoma metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Vekemans","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.04.010","article-title":"Invading macrophages play a major role in the liver progenitor cell response to chronic liver injury","volume":"53","author":"Viebahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864894","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/864894","article-title":"Expression of serum exosomal microRNA-21 in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0806-6","article-title":"Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.6.3447","article-title":"Impaired effector function of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"169","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040864","article-title":"Serum MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Hepatitis C: Preliminary Evidence of a MicroRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Weis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.012","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C","volume":"61","author":"Westbrook","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.01.62","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles isolation and their biomarker potential: are we ready for testing","volume":"5","author":"Whiteside","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Trans. Med."},{"key":"B172","volume-title":"Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing","year":"2017"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08741.x","article-title":"The nature and significance of platelet products in human plasma","volume":"13","author":"Wolf","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0739-0","article-title":"Exosome-mediated communication in the tumor microenvironment contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma development and progression","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81169-0","article-title":"Analysis of the binding of hepatitis C virus genotype 1a and 1b E2 glycoproteins to peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets","volume":"86","author":"Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B177","first-page":"893","article-title":"MiR-222 overexpression promotes proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by downregulating p27","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.24","article-title":"Exosomes mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission and NK-cell dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630319846877","article-title":"Advances in technologies for purification and enrichment of extracellular vesicles","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"SLAS TECHNOL.: Translat. Life Sci. Innovation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587628\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T18:55:29Z","timestamp":1697050529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587628\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587628","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"article-number":"587628"}}