{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:53:01Z","timestamp":1792446781294,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most relevant systemic endemic mycosis limited to Latin American countries. The etiological agents are thermally dimorphic species of the genus<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic>. Infection occurs<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>respiratory tract by inhalation of propagules from the environmental (saprophytic) phase. In the lung alveoli the fungus converts to the characteristic yeast phase (parasitic) where interact with extracellular matrix proteins, epithelial cells, and the host cellular immunity. The response involves phagocytic cells recognition but intracellular<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic>have demonstrated the ability to survive and also multiply inside the neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and dendritic cells. Persistence of<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic>as facultative intracellular pathogen is important in terms of the fungal load but also regarding to the possibility to disseminate penetrating other tissues even protected by the phagocytes. This strategy to invade other organs<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>transmigration of infected phagocytes is called Trojan horse mechanism and it was also described for other fungi and considered a factor of pathogenicity. This mini review comprises a literature revision\u00a0of the spectrum of tools and mechanisms displayed by<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic>to overcame phagocytosis, discusses the Trojan horse model and the immunological context in proven models or the possibility that<jats:italic>Paracoccidioides<\/jats:italic>apply this tool for dissemination to other tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.605679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T14:46:15Z","timestamp":1613141175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Trojan Horse Model in Paracoccidioides: A Fantastic Pathway to Survive Infecting Human Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Giusiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02199.x","article-title":"Inhibition of human neutrophil apoptosis by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Role of interleukin-8","volume":"69","author":"Acorci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand. 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