{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T07:19:50Z","timestamp":1776842390604,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T04:42:28Z","timestamp":1606970548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Controlling Lyme Disease: New Paradigms for Targeting the Tick-Pathogen-Reservoir Axis on the Horizon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Quentin","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linden T.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613422114","article-title":"Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection","volume":"114","author":"Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116767","article-title":"Health care costs, utilization and patterns of care following lyme disease","volume":"10","author":"Adrion","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.005","article-title":"A novel assembly pheromone trap for tick control in dog kennels","volume":"235","author":"Anish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0007-9","article-title":"The use of a recombinant baculovirus expressing a chitinase from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis and its potential application as a bioacaricide for tick control","volume":"98","author":"Assenga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.07.053","article-title":"Oral vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing the tick antigen subolesin inhibits tick feeding and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"30","author":"Bensaci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.5.862","article-title":"Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for Control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"47","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3852\/07-202","article-title":"A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anispliae lineage","volume":"101","author":"Bischoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008103","article-title":"Broad dengue neutralization in mosquitoes expressing an engineered antibody","volume":"16","author":"Buchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180105","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0105","article-title":"Mice against ticks: An experimental community-guided effort to prevent tick-borne disease by altering the shared environment","volume":"374","author":"Buchthal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12242","article-title":"Variation in host preferences of malaria mosquitoes is mediated by skin bacterial volatiles","volume":"31","author":"Busula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.01.006","article-title":"Tick\u2013Pathogen Interactions: The Metabolic Perspective","volume":"35","author":"Cabezas-Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090678","article-title":"Evaluation of nucleoside analogs as antimicrobials targeting unique enzymes in borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"9","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184357","article-title":"The novel Lyme borreliosis vaccine VLA15 shows broad protection against Borrelia species expressing six different OspA serotypes","volume":"12","author":"Comstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.107","article-title":"Reduction of nymphal Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in a residential suburban landscape by area application of insecticides","volume":"30","author":"Curran","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.012","article-title":"Entomopathogenic nematodes in pharmaceutical formulations for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) control: In vitro evaluation of compatibility, thermotolerance, and efficiency","volume":"10","author":"de Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0292","article-title":"Elimination of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in rodent reservoirs and Ixodes scapularis ticks using a doxycycline hyclate-laden bait","volume":"85","author":"Dolan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00421-0","article-title":"Behavioral responses of Ixodes scapularis tick to natural products: development of novel repellents","volume":"79","author":"Faraone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187675","article-title":"The tick biocontrol agent Metarhizium brunneum (= M. anisopliae) (strain F52) does not reduce non-target arthropods","volume":"12","author":"Fischhoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4484-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of tick-borne disease risk factors in residential yards, neighborhoods, and beyond","volume":"19","author":"Fischhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027502","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi Enolase Is a Surface-Exposed Plasminogen Binding Protein","volume":"6","author":"Floden","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00116-9","article-title":"Protection against Boophilus annulatus infestations in cattle vaccinated with the B. microplus Bm86-containing vaccine Gavac","volume":"16","author":"Fragoso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","article-title":"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"390","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600321","article-title":"Evaluation of deer-targeted interventions on lyme disease incidence in Connecticut","volume":"126","author":"Garnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108936","article-title":"Innovative way to dispense pheromones for off-host control of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks","volume":"275","author":"Gowrishankar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5040398","article-title":"Is wildlife fertility control always humane","volume":"5","author":"Hampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv775","article-title":"Effectiveness of Residential Acaricides to Prevent Lyme and Other Tick-borne Diseases in Humans","volume":"214","author":"Hinckley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44394","article-title":"Metabolomics of the tick-Borrelia interaction during the nymphal tick blood meal","volume":"7","author":"Hoxmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80194-1","article-title":"An avian reservoir (Turdus merula) of the Lyme borreliosis spirochetes","volume":"287","author":"Humair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.027","article-title":"Development and optimization of OspC chimeritope vaccinogens for Lyme disease","volume":"38","author":"Izac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.99","article-title":"Contrasts in tick innate immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: Immunotolerance in Ixodes scapularis versus immunocompetence in Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"38","author":"Johns","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10241","article-title":"Efficacy of plant-derived and synthetic compounds on clothing as repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"49","author":"Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00176","article-title":"Ixodes immune responses against lyme disease pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Kitsou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050339","article-title":"Tripartite Interactions among Ixodiphagus hookeri, Ixodes ricinus and Deer: Differential Interference with Transmission Cycles of Tick-Borne Pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw013","article-title":"A Borrelia burgdorferi Surface-Exposed Transmembrane Protein Lacking Detectable Immune Responses Supports Pathogen Persistence and Constitutes a Vaccine Target","volume":"213","author":"Kung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0185-z","article-title":"Evaluation of four commercial natural products for repellency and toxicity against the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"73","author":"Machtinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2020.100079","article-title":"VANGUARD\u00aecrLyme: A Next Generation Lyme Disease Vaccine That Prevents B. burgdorferi Infection in Dogs","volume":"100079","author":"Marconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine X."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.12.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota of the tick vector Ixodes scapularis modulate colonization of the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"15","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00208-0","article-title":"Modulation of the tick gut milieu by a secreted tick protein favors Borrelia burgdorferi colonization","volume":"8","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.101369","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis saliva components that elicit responses associated with acquired tick-resistance","volume":"11","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00917-19","article-title":"Broadly protective multivalent OspA vaccine against lyme borreliosis, developed based on surface shaping of the C-terminal fragment","volume":"88","author":"Nayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v87i1.1356","article-title":"Repellent activities of dichloromethane extract of Allium sativum (garlic) (Liliaceae) against Hyalomma rufipes (Acari)","volume":"87","author":"Nchu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714","article-title":"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume":"10","author":"Radolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04013-5","article-title":"Novel repellents for the blood-sucking insects Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans, vectors of Chagas disease","volume":"13","author":"Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3468-x","article-title":"Counterattacking the tick bite: Towards a rational design of anti-tick vaccines targeting pathogen transmission","volume":"12","author":"Rego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu005","article-title":"Reservoir targeted vaccine against borrelia burgdorferi: A new strategy to prevent lyme disease transmission","volume":"209","author":"Richer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1071\/WR12117","article-title":"Field testing of single-administration porcine zona pellucida contraceptive vaccines in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)","volume":"40","author":"Rutberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wildl. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.06.006","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis vaccination: The facts, the challenge, the future","volume":"27","author":"Schuijt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0214-7","article-title":"Vector biology meets disease control: using basic research to fight vector-borne diseases","volume":"4","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.06.001","article-title":"Cross-Species Interferon Signaling Boosts Microbicidal Activity within the Tick Vector","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0161","article-title":"Topical treatment of white-tailed deer with an acaricide for the control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a Connecticut Lyme borreliosis hyperendemic community","volume":"9","author":"Stafford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-019-00458-1","article-title":"Field evaluation of a novel oral reservoir-targeted vaccine against Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an inactivated whole-cell bacterial antigen expression vehicle","volume":"80","author":"Stafford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6096-z","article-title":") ticks to Bacillus thuringiensis isolates: preliminary study","volume":"117","author":"Szczepa\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2005.09.001","article-title":"Baculoviruses - Re-emerging biopesticides","volume":"24","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saz053","article-title":"Tracking the Increase of Acaricide Resistance in an Invasive Population of Cattle Fever Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Implementation of Real-Time PCR Assays to Rapidly Genotype Resistance Mutations","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc Am."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405763102","article-title":"An ecological approach to preventing human infection: Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle","volume":"101","author":"Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"265","article-title":"Chapter 19. Effectiveness and environmental hazards of acaricides applied to large mammals for tick control","volume-title":"Ecology and Control of Vector-borne diseases.","author":"van Wieren","year":"2016"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028991","article-title":"Composition of human skin microbiota affects attractiveness to malaria mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Verhulst","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jipm\/pmy006","article-title":"Review: Application of tick control technologies for blacklegged, lone star, and American dog ticks","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Integr. Pest Manage."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2146","article-title":"Integrated Control of Nymphal Ixodes scapularis: Effectiveness of White-Tailed Deer Reduction, the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, and Fipronil-Based Rodent Bait Boxes","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.355","article-title":"Mice as Reservoirs of the Lyme Disease Spirochete","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00501-10","article-title":"Characterization of unique regions of Borrelia burgdorferi surface-located membrane protein 1","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607170\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T04:42:30Z","timestamp":1606970550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607170\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.607170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"article-number":"607170"}}