{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:34:37Z","timestamp":1790645677751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>is a widely prevalent protozoan parasite member of the phylum Apicomplexa. It causes disease in humans with clinical outcomes ranging from an asymptomatic manifestation to eye disease to reproductive failure and neurological symptoms. In farm animals, and particularly in sheep, toxoplasmosis costs the industry millions by profoundly affecting their reproductive potential. As do all the parasites in the phylum,<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>parasites go through sexual and asexual replication in the context of an heteroxenic life cycle involving members of the Felidae family and any warm-blooded vertebrate as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. During sexual replication, merozoites differentiate into female and male gametes; their combination gives rise to a zygotes which evolve into sporozoites that encyst and are shed in cat\u2019s feces as environmentally resistant oocysts. During zygote formation<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>parasites are diploid providing the parasite with a window of opportunity for genetic admixture making this a key step in the generation of genetic diversity. In addition, oocyst formation and shedding are central to dissemination and environmental contamination with infectious parasite forms. In this minireview we summarize the current state of the art on the process of gametogenesis. We discuss the unique structures of macro and microgametes, an insight acquired through classical techniques, as well as the more recently attained molecular understanding of the routes leading up to these life forms by<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>systems. We pose a number of unanswered questions and discuss these in the context of the latest findings on molecular cues mediating stage switching, and the implication for the field of newly available<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.608291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T06:23:42Z","timestamp":1607322222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Structural and Molecular Underpinnings of Gametogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Tomasina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.024","article-title":"Targeting the Conserved Fusion Loop of HAP2 Inhibits the Transmission of Plasmodium berghei and falciparum","volume":"47","author":"Angrisano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.10.002","article-title":"The s48\/45 six-cysteine proteins: mediators of interaction throughout the Plasmodium life cycle","author":"Arredondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921245117","article-title":"Ancient MAPK ERK7 is regulated by an unusual inhibitory scaffold required for Toxoplasma apical complex biogenesis","volume":"117","author":"Back","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12164","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki709","article-title":"Discovery of the principal specific transcription factors of Apicomplexa and their implication for the evolution of the AP2-integrase DNA binding domains","volume":"117","author":"Balaji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00054","article-title":"Clinical toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats: An update","volume":"6","author":"Calero-Berna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9030234","article-title":"The bradyzoite: A key developmental stage for the persistence and pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis","author":"Cerutti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"465","article-title":"Observations on the endogenous stages of Toxoplasma gondii in the cat ileum. II. Electron microscope study","volume":"1","author":"Colley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000200030","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis - An update and review of the literature","author":"Commodaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.002","article-title":"Transmission of Toxoplasma: Clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment","author":"Conrad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00096-13","article-title":"A sas-6-like protein suggests that the Toxoplasma conoid complex evolved from flagellar components","author":"de Leon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000364","article-title":"Intestinal delta-6-desaturase activity determines host range for Toxoplasma sexual reproduction","volume":"17","author":"Di Genova","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.11.1556","article-title":"Histologically confirmed clinical toxoplasmosis in cats: 100 case-1990)","volume":"203","author":"Dubey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.11.1546","article-title":"Neonatal toxoplasmosis in littermate cats","volume":"203","author":"Dubey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03431.x","article-title":"Cyst-Induced Toxoplasmosis in Cats","volume":"19","author":"Dubey","year":"1972","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Protozool."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.4.636","article-title":"The toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces","volume":"132","author":"Dubey","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109195","article-title":"Economic and public health importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep: 2009\u20132020","volume":"286","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.018","article-title":"Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts","author":"Dubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005","article-title":"History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 1 - The History and Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii","volume-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii (Second Edition)","author":"Dubey","year":"2013"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"453","article-title":"L\u2019ultrastructure du centriole et du centrocone chez la coccidie eimeria necatrix. E\u0301tude au cours de la schizogonie","volume":"23","author":"Dubremetz","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(73)90063-4","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of schizogonic mitosis in the coccidian, Eimeria necatrix (Johnson 1930)","volume":"42","author":"Dubremetz","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200205028","article-title":"Functional role of \u03f5-tubulin in the assembly of the centriolar microtubule scaffold","volume":"158","author":"Dupuis-Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-04-0205","article-title":"\u03f5-Tubulin Is an Essential Component of the Centriole","volume":"13","author":"Dutcher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.4.992-1003.2004","article-title":"Dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii differentiation","author":"Dzierszinski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0674-4","article-title":"A MORC-driven transcriptional switch controls Toxoplasma developmental trajectories and sexual commitment","author":"Farhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"19","article-title":"Chapter 2 - The Ultrastructure of Toxoplasma gondii","volume-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii (Second Edition)","author":"Ferguson","year":"2013"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1974.tb02309.x","article-title":"Ultrastructural Study of Early Stages of Asexual Multiplication and Microgametogony of Toxoplasma Gondii in the Small Intestine of the Cat","author":"Ferguson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"491","article-title":"The ultrastructural development of the macrogamete and formation of the oocyst wall of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"83","author":"Ferguson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/s1471-4922(02)02330-9","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and sex: Essential or optional extra","volume":"18","author":"Ferguson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.024","article-title":"Use of molecular and ultrastructural markers to evaluate stage conversion of Toxoplasma gondii in both the intermediate and definitive host","volume":"34","author":"Ferguson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3184","article-title":"Cell division in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"12","author":"Francia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001444","article-title":"Cell Division in Apicomplexan Parasites Is Organized by a Homolog of the Striated Rootlet Fiber of Algal Flagella","volume":"10","author":"Francia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13630-016-0025-5","article-title":"Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium","volume":"5","author":"Francia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/126.6.664","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and its prevention in cats and man","volume":"126","author":"Frenkel","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2307\/1296513","article-title":"Toxoplasma in and around us","volume":"23","author":"Frenkel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2018.100016","article-title":"Structure, composition, and roles of the Toxoplasma gondii oocyst and sporocyst walls","author":"Freppel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-2-4","article-title":"Role of delta-tubulin and the C-tubule in assembly of Paramecium basal bodies","volume":"2","author":"Garreau de Loubresse","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMC Cell Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00269","article-title":"Fussing About Fission: Defining Variety Among Mainstream and Exotic Apicomplexan Cell Division Modes","volume":"10","author":"Gubbels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1225-x","article-title":"Asexual expansion of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites is distinct from tachyzoites and entails expression of non-overlapping gene families to attach, invade, and replicate within feline enterocytes","volume":"16","author":"Hehl","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"521","article-title":"Chapter 15 - Bradyzoite Development","volume-title":"Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan - Perspectives and Methods: Second Edition.","author":"Knoll","year":"2013"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1656508.plasma","article-title":"The conserved plant sterility gene","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00300","article-title":"An open-format enteroid culture system for interrogation of interactions between Toxoplasma gondii and the intestinal epithelium","author":"Luu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02248-1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite-bradyzoite interconversion","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01427-6","article-title":"Tubulin superfamily: Giving birth to triplets","volume":"13","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01951336","article-title":"Electron microscopical study on gamogony of Sarcocystis suihominis in human tissue cultures","volume":"58","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3919.892","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: the oocyst, sporozoite, and infection of cultured cells","volume":"167","author":"Melton","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sci. (80-.)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00069-3","article-title":"Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21353","article-title":"Towards a molecular architecture of the centrosome in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"74","author":"Morlon-guyot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815041-2.00016-5","article-title":"Chapter 16 - The Toxoplasma cytoskeleton: structures, proteins, and processes","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii (Third Edition)","author":"Morrissette","year":"2020"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.66.1.21-38.2002","article-title":"Cytoskeleton of apicomplexan parasites","volume":"66","author":"Morrissette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.115.5.1017","article-title":"Disruption of microtubules uncouples budding and nuclear division in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"115","author":"Morrissette","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00225-14","article-title":"Targeting Toxoplasma tubules: Tubulin, microtubules, and associated proteins in a human pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Morrissette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000600007","article-title":"Primary culture of intestinal epithelial cells as a potential model for Toxoplasma gondii enteric cycle studies","author":"Moura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2307\/3280479","article-title":"Ultrastructure of developing gamonts of Eimeria contorta Haberkor(Protozoa, Sporozoa) with emphasis on the host-parasite interface","volume":"67","author":"Mueller","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90081-3","article-title":"The \u03b1- and \u03b2-tubulins of Toxoplasma gondii are encoded by single copy genes containing multiple introns","volume":"29","author":"Nagel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/MBC.E19-11-0607","article-title":"Loss of a conserved MAPK causes catastrophic failure in assembly of a specialized cilium-like structure in Toxoplasma gondii","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00259333","article-title":"Elektronenmikroskopische Analyse der Mikrogametenentwicklung bei Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"37","author":"Pelster","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(80)90034-X","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Genetic recombination between drug resistant mutants","volume":"50","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181565","article-title":"Patterns of transmission and sources of infection in outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Pinto-Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37671-8","article-title":"An experimental genetically attenuated live vaccine to prevent transmission of Toxoplasma gondii by cats","volume":"9","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.128694","article-title":"\u03f5-tubulin is essential in Tetrahymena thermophila for the assembly and stability of basal bodies","volume":"126","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Sci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329023","article-title":"Electron microscope studies of microgametogenesis in coccidia and related groups","volume":"38","author":"Scholtyseck","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.2.394","article-title":"Temporal association between land-based runoff events and California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) protozoal mortalities","author":"Shapiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1334","article-title":"Type X strains of toxoplasma gondii are virulent for southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) and present in felids from nearby watersheds","volume":"286","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"1","article-title":"crossm","volume":"2","author":"Sherri","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-016-0045-3.Reexamining","article-title":"Activity for a \u201c Dormant \u201c Parasite","volume":"3","author":"Sinai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"55","article-title":"Gametogenesis and fertilization in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis: a transmission electron microscope study","volume":"76","author":"Sinden","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc Lond. B."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001959","article-title":"Ultrastructure of early stages of infections in mice fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts","volume":"116","author":"Speer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00305.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii persistence and latency","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002093","article-title":"A Novel Bipartite Centrosome Coordinates the Apicomplexan Cell Cycle","volume":"13","author":"Suvorova","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Biol."},{"key":"B72","article-title":"The risk of disease and threats to the wild population. Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the Southern Sea Otter","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endanger. Species Update"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.12.111732","article-title":"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","author":"Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.001","article-title":"Toxoplasma oocysts as a public health problem","volume":"29","author":"Torrey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0859-x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii, source to sea: Higher contribution of domestic felids to terrestrial parasite loading despite lower infection prevalence","author":"Vanwormer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohealth."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03585.x","article-title":"Fine Structure of Gametogony and Oocyst Formation in Sarcocystis sp. in Cell Culture","volume":"20","author":"Vetterling","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Protozool."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000838","article-title":"Sex and Eimeria: A molecular perspective","volume":"140","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01155-15","article-title":"Novel approaches reveal that toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites within tissue cysts are dynamic and replicating entities in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Watts","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5326\/0410198","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated toxoplasmosis in an immunosuppressed dog","volume":"41","author":"Webb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2741\/A521","article-title":"The development and biology of bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front. Biosci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.006","article-title":"Apicomplexa Cell Cycles: Something Old, Borrowed, Lost, and New","volume":"34","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1021\/pr900699a","article-title":"Post-translational modifications to Toxoplasma gondii \u03b1- and \u03b2-tubulins include novel C-terminal methylation","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.608291\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,18]],"date-time":"2024-08-18T16:53:42Z","timestamp":1724000022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.608291\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.608291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.608291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"article-number":"608291"}}