{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:35:09Z","timestamp":1792010109621,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI116917, AI099525, AI153752, AI124289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116917, AI099525, AI153752, AI124289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Within the species of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and\/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.624622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T16:39:38Z","timestamp":1612283978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jaikin E.","family":"Harrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaina J.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Vasicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Sandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biofilms: an overview of their significance in plant and soil health","volume-title":"Biofilms in Plant and Soil Health","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01373-10","article-title":"Impact of salmonella infection on host hormone metabolism revealed by metabolomics","volume":"79","author":"Antunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00020-14","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi impairs CD4 T cell responses by reducing antigen availability","volume":"82","author":"Atif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.027","article-title":"Pathogen Cell-to-Cell Variability Drives Heterogeneity in Host Immune Responses","volume":"162","author":"Avraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2000.00955.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma plays a critical role in intestinal immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"99","author":"Bao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.978721","article-title":"Establishment of an oral infection model resembling the periodontal pocket in a perfusion bioreactor system","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001431","article-title":"TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica","volume":"185","author":"Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-13453-5_13","article-title":"Colonization and infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Intensive care: Endogenous or exogenous origin","volume-title":"Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1999.","author":"Bergmans","year":"1999"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)67181-4","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever","volume":"366","author":"Bhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041089","article-title":"Soluble flagellin, FliC, induces an Ag-specific Th2 response, yet promotes T-bet-regulated Th1 clearance of Salmonella typhimurium infection","volume":"41","author":"Bobat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.03121.x","article-title":"Differential binding to and biofilm formation on, HEp-2 cells by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium is dependent on allelic variation in the fimH gene of the fim gene cluster","volume":"45","author":"Boddicker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00762.xPMID-16869830","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effectors SopB, SopE, SopE2 and SipA disrupt tight junction structure and function","volume":"8","author":"Boyle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.006","article-title":"Biofilms: The Matrix Revisited","author":"Branda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23043","article-title":"Hepatic regulatory T cells and Kupffer cells are crucial mediators of systemic T cell tolerance to antigens targeting murine liver","volume":"50","author":"Breous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.3.345","article-title":"A review of human Salmonellosis: II. Duration of infection with nontyphi Salmonella","volume":"6","author":"Buchwald","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02805.x","article-title":"The capacity of Salmonella to survive inside dendritic cells and prevent antigen presentation to T cells is host specific","volume":"124","author":"Bueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.01.009","article-title":"Pseudogenization of the Secreted Effector Gene sseI Confers Rapid Systemic Dissemination of S. Typhimurium ST313 within Migratory Dendritic Cells","volume":"21","author":"Carden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.139.5.1189","article-title":"The route of enteric infection in normal mice","volume":"139","author":"Carter","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90816-8","article-title":"Cancer mortality in chronic typhoid and paratyphoid carriers","volume":"343","author":"Caygill","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.1.468-477.2004","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in murine salmonellosis","volume":"72","author":"Cheminay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.20","article-title":"Attachment of different Salmonella serovars to materials commonly used in a poultry processing plant","volume":"26","author":"Chia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.6.2247-2255.1998","article-title":"Establishment of new genetic traits in a microbial biofilm community","volume":"64","author":"Christensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0299-1","article-title":"Regulatory T cells control the dynamic and site-specific polarization of total CD4 T cells following Salmonella infection","volume":"13","author":"Clay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01652-14","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is mediated by exopolysaccharide-independent biofilms","volume":"82","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03109-13","article-title":"Commonly used disinfectants fail to eradicate Salmonella enterica biofilms from food contact surface materials","volume":"80","author":"Corcoran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320365","article-title":"The application of biofilm science to the study and control of chronic bacterial infections","volume":"112","author":"Costerton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00786-08","article-title":"Identification of a bile-induced exopolysaccharide required for Salmonella biofilm formation on gallstone surfaces","volume":"76","author":"Crawford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01620-09","article-title":"Flagellated but Not Hyperfimbriated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Attaches to and Forms Biofilms on Cholesterol-Coated Surfaces","volume":"192","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000862107","article-title":"Gallstones play a significant role in Salmonella spp. gallbladder colonization and carriage","volume":"107","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12280","article-title":"Biofilm as a risk factor in implant treatment","author":"Daubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1008","article-title":"Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00126","article-title":"Marine biofilms: a successful microbial strategy with economic implications","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1710","article-title":"Ability of Salmonella spp. to produce biofilm is dependent on temperature and surface material","volume":"11","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005528","article-title":"The Typhoid Toxin Promotes Host Survival and the Establishment of a Persistent Asymptomatic Infection","volume":"12","author":"Del Bel Belluz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00421","article-title":"Switching Lifestyles Is an in vivo Adaptive Strategy of Bacterial Pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12462","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1822018116","article-title":"Salmonella biofilms program innate immunity for persistence in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"116","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13660-x","article-title":"Inhibiting bacterial cooperation is an evolutionarily robust anti-biofilm strategy","volume":"11","author":"Dieltjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00999.x","article-title":"Immunity to salmonellosis","volume":"240","author":"Dougan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2005.00360.x","article-title":"The mechanism of Salmonella entry determines the vacuolar environment and intracellular gene expression","volume":"7","author":"Drecktrah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.051425-0","article-title":"Single nucleotide polypmorphisms of fimH associated with adherence and biofilm formation by serovars of Salmonella enterica","volume":"157","author":"Dwyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. (Reading)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1324198","article-title":"Contribution of the csgA and bcsA genes to Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum biofilm formation and virulence","volume":"46","author":"El Hag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-001-1023-7","article-title":"Complexation, stabilization, and UV photolysis of extracellular and surface-bound glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase: implications for biofilm microbiota","author":"Espeland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00344","article-title":"Recognition of Extracellular Bacteria by NLRs and Its Role in the Development of Adaptive Immunity","volume":"4","author":"Ferrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.058115-0","article-title":"Functions of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system effectors","volume":"158","author":"Figueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. (Reading)"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0158-9","article-title":"Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilm","author":"Flemming","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.70","article-title":"Adjuvant selection regulates gut migration and phenotypic diversity of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells following parenteral immunization","volume":"11","author":"Frederick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0819-7","article-title":"Salmonella Typhi-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells play a dominant role in protection from typhoid fever in humans","volume":"14","author":"Fresnay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.4.1211-1217.2006","article-title":"Keeping their options open: acute versus persistent infections","volume":"188","author":"Furukawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00898","article-title":"Biofilms in the Food Industry: Health Aspects and Control Methods","volume":"9","author":"Galie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR","article-title":"Persistent infection and long-term carriage of typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonellae","volume":"32","author":"Gal-Mor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2003.08.005","article-title":"The csgD promoter, a control unit for biofilm formation in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"154","author":"Gerstel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2006.02.006","article-title":"The adherence of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 to stainless steel: the importance of the air-liquid interface and nutrient availability","volume":"23","author":"Giaouris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.5772\/28107","article-title":"Attachment and biofilm formation by Salmonella in food processing environments","volume-title":"Salmonella: A dangerous foodborne pathogen.","author":"Giaouris","year":"2012"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7722","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00809-06","article-title":"Salmonella produces an O-antigen capsule regulated by AgfD and important for environmental persistence","volume":"188","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080605","article-title":"Control of Persistent Salmonella Infection Relies on Constant Thymic Output Despite Increased Peripheral Antigen-Specific T Cell Immunity","volume":"9","author":"Goggins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2006.12.005","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in lung disease: Pseudomonas infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18516-2","article-title":"Biofilm Formation Protects Salmonella from the Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin In Vitro and In Vivo in the Mouse Model of chronic Carriage","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02262","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02262-19","article-title":"Establishment of Chronic Typhoid Infection in a Mouse Carriage Model Involves a Type 2 Immune Shift and T and B Cell Recruitment to the Gallbladder","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00055","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00055-19","article-title":"Human Bile-Mediated Regulation of Salmonella Curli Fimbriae","volume":"201","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00258-13","article-title":"Gallbladder epithelium as a niche for chronic Salmonella carriage","volume":"81","author":"Gonzalez-Escobedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2490","article-title":"Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez-Escobedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2490","article-title":"Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez-Escobedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2819","article-title":"Relevance of sexual dimorphism to regulatory T cells: estradiol promotes IFN-gamma production by invariant natural killer T cells","volume":"105","author":"Gourdy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23987","article-title":"Persistent bacterial infections, antibiotic tolerance, and the oxidative stress response","volume":"4","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.06.007","article-title":"Salmonella chronic carriage: epidemiology, diagnosis, and gallbladder persistence","volume":"22","author":"Gunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020253","article-title":"Salmonella Extracellular Polymeric Substances Modulate Innate Phagocyte Activity and Enhance Tolerance of Biofilm-Associated Bacteria to Oxidative Stress","volume":"8","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00531-08","article-title":"Functional analysis of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2-mediated inhibition of antigen presentation in dendritic cells","volume":"76","author":"Halici","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01323.x","article-title":"Evolving concepts in biofilm infections","author":"Hall-Stoodley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Hall-Stoodley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3710-3713.1999","article-title":"High rates of conjugation in bacterial biofilms as determined by quantitative in situ analysis","volume":"65","author":"Hausner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0011-x","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial Caspase-8 signaling is essential to prevent necroptosis during Salmonella Typhimurium induced enteritis","volume":"11","author":"Hefele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"H\u00f8iby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.011","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms","author":"H\u00f8iiby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.10.009","article-title":"Interferon-gamma in Salmonella pathogenesis: New tricks for an old dog","volume":"98","author":"Ingram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242983","article-title":"Salmonella polarises peptide-MHC-II presentation towards an unconventional Type B CD4+ T-cell response","volume":"43","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00706.x","article-title":"The immune system vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms","volume":"59","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081222","article-title":"Targeting Biofilms Therapy: Current Research Strategies and Development Hurdles","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001043","article-title":"Regulatory T cell suppressive potency dictates the balance between bacterial proliferation and clearance during persistent Salmonella infection","volume":"6","author":"Johanns","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12939","article-title":"Typhoidal Salmonella: Distinctive virulence factors and pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2014.02.003","article-title":"Biofilms as a mechanism of bacterial resistance","volume":"11","author":"Jolivet-Gougeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today Technol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.1.15PMID-8006579","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelial M cells of the Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"180","author":"Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01905-06","article-title":"Systemic CD8 T-cell memory response to a Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 effector is restricted to Salmonella enterica encountered in the gastrointestinal mucosa","volume":"75","author":"Jones-Carson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00466-9","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Salmonella spp. on food contact surfaces and their sensitivity to sanitizers","volume":"64","author":"Joseph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Clincal spectrum and carrier state of nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in infants and children","volume":"110","author":"Kazemi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e01067","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention","volume":"4","author":"Khatoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.9.1841","article-title":"Molecular characterization of biofilm formation and attachment of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 on food contact surfaces","volume":"72","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.091017.109","article-title":"Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype","volume":"19","author":"Kingsley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.46.6.538","article-title":"Alterations of host resistance to mouse typhoid infection by sex hormones","volume":"46","author":"Kita","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2407","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of the liver: deletion of activated CD4+ effector cells and suppression of IFN-gamma-producing cells after intravenous protein immunization","volume":"169","author":"Klugewitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03055.xPMID-3553868","article-title":"Cytopathogenic Effect of Salmonella typhi GIFU 10007 on M cells of Murine Ileal Peyer\u2019s Patches in Ligated Ileal Loops: An Ultrastructural Study","volume":"30","author":"Kohbata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00123-12","article-title":"Phosphate groups of lipid A are essential for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence and affect innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"80","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222047110","article-title":"Contribution of Thy1+ NK cells to protective IFN-gamma production during Salmonella typhimurium infections","volume":"110","author":"Kupz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00052-14","article-title":"Vaccination with a single CD4 T cell peptide epitope from a Salmonella type III-secreted effector protein provides protection against lethal infection","volume":"82","author":"Kurtz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00026-20","article-title":"Salmonella Persistence and Host Immunity Are Dictated by the Anatomical Microenvironment","volume":"88","author":"Kurtz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013772","article-title":"TLR 9 activation in dendritic cells enhances salmonella killing and antigen presentation via involvement of the reactive oxygen species","volume":"5","author":"Lahiri","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B99","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Common bile duct stones: a cause of chronic salmonellosis","volume":"87","author":"Lai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004527","article-title":"Intraspecies competition for niches in the distal gut dictate transmission during persistent Salmonella infection","volume":"10","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8945","article-title":"Salmonella and Campylobacter biofilm formation: a comparative assessment from farm to fork","volume":"98","author":"Lamas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2009.02032.x","article-title":"Cyclic di-GMP signalling controls virulence properties of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium at the mucosal lining","volume":"12","author":"Lamprokostopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906735106","article-title":"Salmonella regulates polyubiquitination and surface expression of MHC class II antigens","volume":"106","author":"Lapaque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105812","article-title":"Macrophages and tissue injury: agents of defense or destruction","volume":"51","author":"Laskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04907.x","article-title":"BapA, a large secreted protein required for biofilm formation and host colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis","volume":"58","author":"Latasa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.9.3214-3226.2005","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide sugars contribute to biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on HEp-2 cells and chicken intestinal epithelium","volume":"187","author":"Ledeboer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01428-05","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires the Lpf, Pef, and Tafi fimbriae for biofilm formation on HEp-2 tissue culture cells and chicken intestinal epithelium","volume":"74","author":"Ledeboer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.10.009","article-title":"MHC class-I-restricted CD8 T cells play a protective role during primary Salmonella infection","volume":"148","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002499","article-title":"Temporal expression of bacterial proteins instructs host CD4 T cell expansion and Th17 development","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03281","article-title":"Real-time study of rapid spread of antibiotic resistance plasmid in biofilm using microfluidics","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212616","article-title":"Help, hinder, hide and harm: what can we learn from the interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus during respiratory infections","author":"Limoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2621-0","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"Limoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4255-1","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria affect the growth and nutrient uptake of fraxinus americana, container seedlings","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66823-y","article-title":"Ultrastructure imaging of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lawn biofilms and eradication of the tobramycin-resistant variants under in vitro electroceutical treatment","volume":"10","author":"Lochab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00586","article-title":"Salmonella modulates B cell biology to evade CD8(+) T cell-mediated immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Lopez-Medina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00138","article-title":"Examining the Link between Biofilm Formation and the Ability of Pathogenic Salmonella Strains to Colonize Multiple Host Species","volume":"4","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008233","article-title":"Parallel evolution leading to impaired biofilm formation in invasive Salmonella strains","volume":"15","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Genet."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01913-2","article-title":"Machanisms of biofilms resistance to antimicrobial agents","author":"Mah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.76","article-title":"Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance","author":"Mah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2015.10.014","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of chronic MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infection in cystic fibrosis: a single-center study","author":"Maliniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/08820131003622635","article-title":"Secretory IgA: arresting microbial pathogens at epithelial borders","volume":"39","author":"Mantis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089243","article-title":"Visualization of extracellular matrix components within sectioned Salmonella biofilms on the surface of human gallstones","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-8353-y","article-title":"Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from Salmonella enterica: polymers, proteins and their interactions with plants and abiotic surfaces","volume":"57","author":"Maruzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1221","article-title":"Persistent Infections by Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Humans: Epidemiology and Genetics","volume":"62","author":"Marzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004914","article-title":"Activation of Salmonella Typhi-specific regulatory T cells in typhoid disease in a wild-type S. Typhi challenge model","volume":"11","author":"McArthur","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.986","article-title":"Characterization of CD4+ T cell responses during natural infection with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"164","author":"McSorley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/s1074-7613(02)00289-3","article-title":"Tracking salmonella-specific CD4 T cells in vivo reveals a local mucosal response to a disseminated infection","volume":"16","author":"McSorley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1086\/646608","article-title":"Salmonella infection of gallbladder epithelial cells drives local inflammation and injury in a model of acute typhoid fever","volume":"200","author":"Menendez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.11.024","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. in the poultry industry: Detection, control and eradication strategies","volume":"119","author":"Merino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008591","article-title":"In vivo synthesis of bacterial amyloid curli contributes to joint inflammation during S. Typhimurium infection","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01704.x","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psl polysaccharide reduces neutrophil phagocytosis and the oxidative response by limiting complement-mediated opsonization","author":"Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425314","article-title":"Inhibition of cell surface MHC class II expression by Salmonella","volume":"34","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-64.x","article-title":"The immune response to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is predominantly of the Th2 type","volume":"108","author":"Moser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12674","article-title":"Biofilms and host response\u2013helpful or harmful","volume":"125","author":"Moser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0297-x","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in disease","volume":"68","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.11.013","article-title":"Salmonella gut invasion involves TTSS-2-dependent epithelial traversal, basolateral exit, and uptake by epithelium-sampling lamina propria phagocytes","volume":"11","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1973.03650120071013","article-title":"Permanent carriers of nontyphosa Salmonellae","volume":"132","author":"Musher","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01635","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01635-18","article-title":"Breaking the vicious cycle of antibiotic killing and regrowth of biofilm-residing Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"M\u00fcsken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201413","article-title":"Cutting edge: B cells are essential for protective immunity against Salmonella independent of antibody secretion","volume":"189","author":"Nanton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60023-4","article-title":"Ocean acidifcation afects microbial community and invertebrate settlement on bioflms","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102901","article-title":"CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance","volume":"307","author":"Niess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00001","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for duodenal and gastric ulceration","volume":"120","author":"Nomura","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Internal Med."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.00797.x","article-title":"Initiation of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 proceeds via multiple, convergent signaling pathways: a genetic analysis","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.2.425-431.2000","article-title":"The global carbon metabolism regulator Crc is a component of a signal transduction pathway required for biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.49","article-title":"Biofilm formation as microbial development","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2016.1191068","article-title":"Salmonella enterica isolates from layer farm environments are able to form biofilm on eggshell surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Pande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-014-9839-3","article-title":"Smart central venous port for early detection of bacterial biofilm related infections","author":"Paredes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed. Microdevices"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Parsek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02160","article-title":"Nutrient Composition Promotes Switching between Pellicle and Bottom Biofilm in Salmonella","volume":"8","author":"Paytubi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000032","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and biofilms: risk, tolerance and control","author":"Percival","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302526","article-title":"IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells promote generation of protective germinal center-derived IgM+ B cell memory against Salmonella Typhi","volume":"192","author":"Perez-Shibayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00140-17","article-title":"New mouse model for chronic infections by Gram-negative bacteria enabling the study of anti-infective efficacy and host-microbe interactions","volume":"8","author":"Pletzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-73.10.1919","article-title":"Sources and risk factors for contamination, survival, persistence, and heat resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods","volume":"73","author":"Podolak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20717","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007472117","article-title":"Evasion of MAIT cell recognition by the African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 pathovar that causes invasive disease","volume":"117","author":"Preciado-Llanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.12.7154-7158.2003","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilm formation on gallstones and on glass","volume":"71","author":"Prouty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.70.5.2640-2649.2002","article-title":"Biofilm formation and interaction with the surfaces of gallstones by Salmonella spp","volume":"70","author":"Prouty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1743","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut","volume":"14","author":"Raffatellu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.09.03","article-title":"Gallbladder cancer","volume":"3","author":"Rakic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0368-3","article-title":"Innate immunity to intracellular LPS","volume":"20","author":"Rathinam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.7.2765-2773.1996","article-title":"Acidification of phagosomes containing Salmonella typhimurium in murine macrophages","volume":"64","author":"Rathman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(03)00295-2","article-title":"Recontamination as a source of pathogens in processed foods","volume":"91","author":"Reij","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/86373","article-title":"Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Rescigno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(99)00469-3","article-title":"Flagella modulate the multicellular behavior of Salmonella typhimurium on the community level","volume":"180","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.3.722-731.1998","article-title":"Curli fibers are highly conserved between Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli with respect to opero structure and regulation","volume":"180","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01822.x","article-title":"AgfD, the checkpoint of multicellular and aggregative behaviour in Salmonella typhimurium regulates at least two independent pathways","volume":"36","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00268","article-title":"Occurrence and regulation of the multicellular morphotype in Salmonella serovars important in human disease","volume":"293","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-4557-x","article-title":"Characterization of the rdar morphotype, a multicellular behaviour in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"62","author":"R\u00f6mling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.02.015","article-title":"CCR6-mediated dendritic cell activation of pathogen-specific T cells in Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"24","author":"Salazar-Gonzalez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005879","article-title":"Priming of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi-specific CD8(+) T cells by suicide dendritic cell cross-presentation in humans","volume":"4","author":"Salerno-Goncalves","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(01)01495-2","article-title":"Animal models of Salmonella infections: enteritis versus typhoid fever","volume":"3","author":"Santos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1983.15.issue-1.04","article-title":"Biliary calculi in chronic Salmonella carriers and healthy controls: a controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Schioler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.220","article-title":"SPI-7: Salmonella\u2019s Vi-encoding Pathogenicity Island","volume":"2","author":"Seth-Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407536101","article-title":"Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi targets the prohibitin family of molecules in intestinal epithelial cells and suppresses early inflammatory responses","volume":"101","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.9.1812","article-title":"Planktonic and biofilm communities from 7-day-old chicken cecal microflora cultures: characterization and resistance to Salmonella colonization","volume":"72","author":"Sheffield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.88","article-title":"Regulation of biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"9","author":"Simm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1086\/421027","article-title":"Duration of nontyphoidal Salmonella carriage in asymptomatic adults","volume":"38","author":"Sirinavin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030000236","article-title":"Virulent strains of Salmonella enteritidis disrupt the epithelial barrier of Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells","volume":"175","author":"Solano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0646-2","article-title":"Salmonella Typhimurium undergoes distinct genetic adaption during chronic infections of mice","volume":"16","author":"Sondberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"Stanaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05321-1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer","volume":"6","author":"Stinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/76.9.1318","article-title":"Utilization of the skin attachment model to determine the antibacterial efficacy of potential carcass treatments","volume":"76","author":"Tamblyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2013.07.014","article-title":"Genetic boundaries to delineate the typhoid agent and other Salmonella serotypes into distinct natural lineages","volume":"102","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1356540","article-title":"Intracellular pathogens: host immunity and microbial persistence strategies","volume":"2019","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00063-06","article-title":"Virulent Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium evades adaptive immunity by preventing dendritic cells from activating T cells","volume":"74","author":"Tobar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2019.06.003","article-title":"Characterization of Salmonella resistance to bile during biofilm formation","volume":"53","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00028","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR","article-title":"Curli-containing enteric biofilms inside and out: matrix composition, immune recognition, and disease implications","volume":"82","author":"Tursi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02416.x","article-title":"Effect of immune serum and role of individual Fcgamma receptors on the intracellular distribution and survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in murine macrophages","volume":"119","author":"Uppington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030585","article-title":"Special Issue: antibacterial materials and coatings","author":"Vasilev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease","volume":"9","author":"Vestby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00272-09","article-title":"Mesenteric lymph nodes confine dendritic cell-mediated dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and limit systemic disease in mice","volume":"77","author":"Voedisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0468-5","article-title":"Extracellular DNA inhibits Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica Serovar Typhi biofilm development on abiotic surfaces","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004306","article-title":"The Vi capsular polysaccharide enables Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi to evade microbe-guided neutrophil chemotaxis","volume":"10","author":"Wangdi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-00014-02886-00409","article-title":"Mucosal biofilm detection in chronic otitis media: a study of middle ear biopsies from Greenlandic patients","volume":"275","author":"Wessman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01383-07","article-title":"Aggregation via the red, dry, and rough morphotype is not a virulence adaptation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"76","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.01090.x","article-title":"The Vi-capsule prevents Toll-like receptor 4 recognition of Salmonella","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.05.009","article-title":"Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens","author":"Wingender","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92035-Z","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma","volume":"338","author":"Wotherspoon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B202","first-page":"1547","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume-title":"Molecular medical microbiology.","author":"Wu","year":"2015"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2014.65","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12186","article-title":"Biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence","volume":"7","author":"Yaron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00769-17","article-title":"Intestinal lamina propria CD4+ T cells promote bactericidal activity of macrophages via galectin-9 and Tim-3 interaction during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection","volume":"86","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07247.x","article-title":"Unphosphorylated CsgD controls biofilm formation in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"77","author":"Zakikhany","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/10445490260099700","article-title":"The role of bacterial biofilms in ocular infections","volume":"21","author":"Zegans","year":"2002","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3668","article-title":"Flagellin is the major proinflammatory determinant of enteropathogenic Salmonella","volume":"171","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02337.x","article-title":"The multicellular morphotypes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli produce cellulose as the second component of the extracellular matrix","volume":"39","author":"Zogaj","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.624622\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T16:39:50Z","timestamp":1612283990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.624622\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":208,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.624622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.624622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"article-number":"624622"}}