{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T04:26:30Z","timestamp":1773462390509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacteria<jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii.<\/jats:italic>Domestic ruminants are the primary source for human infection, and the identification of likely contamination routes from the reservoir animals the critical point to implement control programs. This study shows that Q fever is detected in Belgium in abortion of cattle, goat and sheep at a different degree of apparent prevalence (1.93%, 9.19%, and 5.50%, respectively). In addition, and for the first time, it is detected in abortion of alpaca (<jats:italic>Vicugna pacos<\/jats:italic>), raising questions on the role of these animals as reservoirs. To determine the relationship between animal and human strains, Multiple Locus Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) (n=146), Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) (n=92) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) (n=4) methods were used to characterize samples\/strains during 2009-2019. Three MLVA clusters (A, B, C) subdivided in 23 subclusters (A1-A12, B1-B8, C1-C3) and 3 SNP types (SNP1, SNP2, SNP6) were identified. The SNP2 type\/MLVA cluster A was the most abundant and dispersed genotype over the entire territory, but it seemed not responsible for human cases, as it was only present in animal samples. The SNP1\/MLVA B and SNP6\/MLVA C clusters were mostly found in small ruminant and human samples, with the rare possibility of spillovers in cattle. SNP1\/MLVA B cluster was present in all Belgian areas, while the SNP6\/MLVA C cluster appeared more concentrated in the Western provinces. A broad analysis of European MLVA profiles confirmed the host-species distribution described for Belgian samples.<jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>genotyping (WGS) further identified the spacer types and the genomic groups of<jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>Belgian strains: cattle and goat SNP2\/MLVA A isolates belonged to ST61 and genomic group III, while the goat SNP1\/MLVA B strain was classified as ST33 and genomic group II. In conclusion, Q fever is widespread in all Belgian domestic ruminants and in alpaca. We determined that the public health risk in Belgium is likely linked to specific genomic groups (SNP1\/MLVA B and SNP6\/MLVA C) mostly found in small ruminant strains. Considering the concordance between Belgian and European results, these considerations could be extended to other European countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.625576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T05:53:14Z","timestamp":1614318794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Phylogeography of Human and Animal Coxiella burnetii Strains: Genetic Fingerprinting of Q Fever in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Tomaiuolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Boarbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Fancello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Desqueper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Gr\u00e9goire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jozefien","family":"Callens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fretin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Devriendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-55-13","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii associated reproductive disorders in domestic animals-a critical review","volume":"55","author":"Agerholm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003017","article-title":"Experimental Coxiella burnetii infection in pregnant goats: excretion routes","volume":"34","author":"Arricau Bouvery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005010","article-title":"Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis","volume":"36","author":"Arricau-Bouvery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-38","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing","volume":"6","author":"Arricau-Bouvery","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-241","article-title":"Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii from domestic ruminants in northern Spain","volume":"8","author":"Astobiza","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of the Q Fever Agent, Coxiella burnetii, Assessed by Microarray-Based Whole-Genome Comparisons","volume":"188","author":"Beare","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v84i1.1461","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in Algeria","volume":"84","author":"Benaissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.148.16.502","article-title":"Relationships between the shedding of Coxiella burnetii, clinical signs and serological responses of 34 sheep","volume":"148","author":"Berri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.025","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular typing of Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk in Belgian dairy goats 2009-2013","volume":"170","author":"Boarbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.153.5.642","article-title":"Chronic Q fever. Ninety-two cases from France, including 27 cases without endocarditis","volume":"153","author":"Brouqui","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12337","article-title":"Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Laikipia County, Kenya","volume":"64","author":"Browne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.09.029","article-title":"Molecular characterization by MLVA of Coxiella burnetii strains infecting dairy cows and goats of north-eastern Italy","volume":"17","author":"Ceglie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"9","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Q fever in Poland","volume":"58","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1353-y","article-title":"Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in sheep and goat abortion samples","volume":"18","author":"Chochlakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x","article-title":"Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ecol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.10.048","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"54","author":"Cutler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02799-15","article-title":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping and Distribution of Coxiella burnetii Strains from Field Samples in Belgium","volume":"82","author":"Dal Pozzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07323-11","article-title":"Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA on small-ruminant farms during a Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands","volume":"78","author":"de Bruin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1587","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in Central Italy: Novel Genotypes Are Circulating in Cattle and Goats","volume":"14","author":"Di Domenico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1499-8","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants in central Italy","volume":"14","author":"Di Domenico","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101352","article-title":"Acute phase proteins, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress biomarkers in sheep, goats and she-camels with Coxiella burnetii infection-induced abortion","volume":"67","author":"El-Deeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108624","article-title":"First detection of a plasmid located carbapenem resistant blaVIM-1 gene in E. coli isolated from meat products at retail in Belgium in 2015","volume":"324","author":"Garcia-Graells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20407","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.18.08.20407-en","article-title":"Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countrie","volume":"18","author":"Georgiev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.041354","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii genotyping","volume":"11","author":"Glazunova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-016-0786-9","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Genotypes in Iberian Wildlife","volume":"72","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12431","article-title":"Genotypes of Coxiella burnetii in wildlife: disentangling the molecular epidemiology of a multi-host pathogen","volume":"8","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006038","article-title":"Shedding routes of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cows: implications for detection and control","volume":"37","author":"Guatteo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.007","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review","volume":"149","author":"Guatteo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1086\/323031","article-title":"Atypical Manifestations of Chronic Q Fever","volume":"33","author":"Hatchette","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5833-8","article-title":"Extensive genome analysis of Coxiella burnetii reveals limited evolution within genomic groups","volume":"20","author":"Hemsley","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-137-2-269","article-title":"Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separated by SDS-PAGE","volume":"137","author":"Hendrix","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026201","article-title":"Rapid typing of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"6","author":"Hornstra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02293-10","article-title":"Single-nucleotide-polymorphism genotyping of Coxiella burnetii during a Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands","volume":"77","author":"Huijsmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.11.2465-2466.1988","article-title":"Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson\u2019s index of diversity","volume":"26","author":"Hunter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-91","article-title":"Molecular method for the characterization of Coxiella burnetii from clinical and environmental samples: variability of genotypes in Spain","volume":"12","author":"Jado","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.12.015","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in French livestock reveals the existence of three main genotype clusters and suggests species-specific associations as well as regional stability","volume":"48","author":"Jouli\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085417","article-title":"Eight New Genomes and Synthetic Controls Increase the Accessibility of Rapid Melt-MAMA SNP Typing of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"9","author":"Karlsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1972","article-title":"Genotyping and Axenic Growth of Coxiella burnetii Isolates Found in the United States Environment","volume":"16","author":"Kersh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-017-1284-x","article-title":"A study on some reproductive disorders in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia with special references to uterine infections and abortion","volume":"49","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-2","article-title":"Highly sensitive real-time PCR for specific detection and quantification of","volume":"6","author":"Klee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coxiella Burnetii BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192188","article-title":"Q fever in Egypt: Epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii specific antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels","volume":"13","author":"Klemmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01526","article-title":"Genome Plasticity and Polymorphisms in Critical Genes Correlate with Increased Virulence of Dutch Outbreak-Related Coxiella burnetii Strains","volume":"8","author":"Kuley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03931-7","article-title":"A systematic review on the health outcomes associated with non-endocarditis manifestations of chronic Q fever","volume":"39","author":"Manchal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","article-title":"Q fever","volume":"12","author":"Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005521","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Mobarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp450","article-title":"ShortRead: a bioconductor package for input, quality assessment and exploration of high-throughput sequence data","volume":"25","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067622","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo infectious potential of coxiella burnetii: a study on Belgian livestock isolates","volume":"8","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1958","article-title":"Critical Aspects for Detection of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"17","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01911-07","article-title":"Sustained axenic metabolic activity by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii","volume":"190","author":"Omsland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812074106","article-title":"Host cell-free growth of the Q fever bacterium Coxiella burnetii","volume":"106","author":"Omsland","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.02.006","article-title":"Genetic diversity and variation over time of Coxiella burnetii genotypes in dairy cattle and the farm environment","volume":"31","author":"Pi\u00f1ero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.04.007","article-title":"Description of a Coxiella burnetii abortion outbreak in a dairy goat herd, and associated serology, PCR and genotyping results","volume":"93","author":"Reichel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AME-0001-2018","article-title":"Advances in Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases: Definitions, Approaches, and Scope of the Field","volume":"6","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.AME-0007-2019","article-title":"Differentiating Epidemic from Endemic or Sporadic Infectious Disease Occurrence *","volume":"7","author":"Riley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5352","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-815","article-title":"Comparison of Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk of dairy bovine, caprine, and ovine herds","volume":"90","author":"Rodolakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1704.101562","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii from ruminants in Q fever outbreak, the Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Roest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121489","article-title":"Search for possible additional reservoirs for human Q fever, The Netherlands","volume":"19","author":"Roest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00690-08","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii shedding routes and antibody response after outbreaks of Q fever-induced abortion in dairy goat herds","volume":"75","author":"Rousset","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2012.08.003","article-title":"Genotypic diversity of clinical Coxiella burnetii isolates from Portugal based on MST and MLVA typing","volume":"302","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.08.009","article-title":"Impact of IS1111 insertion on the MLVA genotyping of Coxiella burnetii","volume":"17","author":"Sidi-Boumedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06537.x","article-title":"Phylogenic homogeneity of Coxiella burnetii strains as determinated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing","volume":"113","author":"Stein","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-107","article-title":"Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii from domestic ruminants and human in Hungary: indication of various genotypes","volume":"10","author":"Sulyok","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2005.00036.x","article-title":"Establishment of a genotyping scheme for Coxiella burnetii","volume":"254","author":"Svraka","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210244","article-title":"Shedding and genetic diversity of Coxiella burnetii in Polish dairy cattle","volume":"14","author":"Szyma\u0144ska-Czerwi\u0144ska","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05926","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5926","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06831-11","article-title":"Genotyping reveals the presence of a predominant genotype of Coxiella burnetii in consumer milk products","volume":"50","author":"Tilburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.859","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in dairy cattle with reproductive disorders","volume":"60","author":"To","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2003.09.001","article-title":"Q fever (coxiellosis): epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"77","author":"Woldehiwet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.625576\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1619452561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.625576\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2020.625576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.625576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"article-number":"625576"}}