{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T20:53:07Z","timestamp":1784839987647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971342, 81200411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971342, 81200411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and its recurrence are most commonly associated with the formation of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species biofilm. Probiotics are typically used to treat BV; however, the optimal period of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> probiotic application in BV treatment remains uncertain. The present study aimed to explore the effects of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic> on various stages of biofilm formation in <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species. The biofilm-forming ability of seven strains, including one <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> ATCC 14018 and six clinically isolated <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species, was determined <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> gentian violet staining assay. Moreover, the sensitivity of the planktonic and biofilm forms toward metronidazole and clindamycin was assessed <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> microdilution broth method. <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> Xbb-LR-1 and <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic> Xbb-LC-1 were added during various stages of biofilm formation in <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species and were cocultured for 24\u00a0h. The biofilm thickness of each sample was determined <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The absolute quantities of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species in each sample was obtained <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> real time polymerase chain reaction method, and the pH value was obtained using a pH indicator paper. Biofilm formation by <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species in a medium with distinct pH values was observed <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> gentian violet staining, CLSM, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biofilm increased the resistance of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species toward metronidazole and clindamycin. <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> added at the initial biofilm formation stage in <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species exhibited highest inhibitory effect, with a percentage inhibition of 38.17% \u00b1 1.35%. When the pH value of the culture medium was &amp;lt;4.5 or &amp;gt;6.5, ATCC 14018 could hardly form a biofilm; however, at pH \u22654.5 and \u22646.5, it was able to form a stronger biofilm. The amount of biofilm attained maximum value at optical density of 3.29 \u00b1 0.28 (595 nm), pH 5.5, and at 36\u00a0h. Biofilm formation increases the resistance of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species toward antibiotics. Maintaining an acidic vaginal environment with pH &amp;lt;4.5 and a vaginal microbiota dominated by <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> remarkably prevents the formation of <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> species biofilm at the initial stage, which further has a significant impact on the treatment and prevention of biofilm-related infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.568178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T22:18:53Z","timestamp":1613859533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei Affect Various Stages of Gardnerella Species Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuanhui","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Risu","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415616038","article-title":"Prevalent bacterial vaginosis infection - a risk factor for incident sexually transmitted infections in women in Durban, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Abbai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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