{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:47:02Z","timestamp":1753890422038,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory viral nucleic acid testing (NAT), such as the nasopharyngeal swab test, is now recommended as the gold standard for the diagnosis of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). However, the nasopharyngeal swab testing process may cause some discomfort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the influence of nasopharyngeal swab tests on the anxiety and pain felt by psychiatric medical staff.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 174 psychiatric medical staff (namely 97 doctors, 68 nurses, and nine administrators) and 27 controls were included in the current study. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect their general demographic information (age, gender, marriage, occupation, profession, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, tea drinking history, previous history of anxiety and depression) as well as their subjective experience, such as nausea, vomiting, coughing, worry, fear, etc, during nasopharyngeal swab collection. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to assess the subjects\u2019 pain and state anxiety, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no statistical differences (p&amp;gt;0.05) in age, marriage, smoking history, a history of anxiety and depression, pain scores, and anxiety scores between different professions and genders. The results of partial correlation analysis (controlled for gender and history of depression or anxiety) indicated that the male gender was negatively correlated with being anxious (r=-0.148, p=0.037) and nervous (r=-0.171 p=0.016), although there was no significant difference in pain and anxiety between men and women. In addition, marriage might help women resist negative emotions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>1) There will be mild discomfort during nucleic acid testing, but not enough to cause pain and anxiety; 2) women are more likely to be anxious and nervous during the nucleic acid testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T22:58:54Z","timestamp":1633042734000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Nasopharynx Swab Test for Coronavirus Disease-2019 Is Mild and Will Not Cause Significant Pain and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Psychiatrists"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2010.546493","article-title":"Spielberger\u2019s State Anxiety Inventory: Development of a Shortened Version for Critically Ill Patients","volume":"32","author":"Abed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.04.022","article-title":"Estradiol Levels Modulate Brain Activity and Negative Responses to Psychosocial Stress Across the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"59","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515622301","article-title":"Anxious and Hostile: Consequences of Anxious Adult Attachment in Predicting Male-Perpetrated Sexual Assault","volume":"33","author":"Barbaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Interpers Violence"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu032","article-title":"\"His\" and \"Her\" Marriage? The Role of Positive and Negative Marital Characteristics in Global Marital Satisfaction Among Older Adults","volume":"69","author":"Boerner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.001","article-title":"Childhood Maltreatment and Monocyte Gene Expression Among Women With Breast Cancer","volume":"88","author":"Bower","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immunity"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1483","article-title":"Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Neurobiological Effects of Chronic Stress","volume":"162","author":"Brady","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.09.010","article-title":"Accuracy and Discomfort of Different Types of Intranasal Specimen Collection Methods for Molecular Influenza Testing in Emergency Department Patients","volume":"71","author":"Frazee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3182230e42","article-title":"Negative Affect and Vasomotor Symptoms in the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation Daily Hormone Study","volume":"18","author":"Gibson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause (New York NY)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"05","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.2.05","article-title":"The Role of Stress, Trauma, and Negative Affect in Alcohol Misuse and Alcohol Use Disorder in Women","volume":"40","author":"Guinle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1096956","article-title":"Flocked Nasal Swab Versus Nasopharyngeal Aspirate in Adult Emergency Room Patients: Similar Multiplex PCR Respiratory Pathogen Results and Patient Discomfort","volume":"48","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016","article-title":"Studies Comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for Assessment of Pain Intensity in Adults: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"41","author":"Hjermstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2016.1171852","article-title":"Effects of Gender Role Self-Discrepancies and Self-Perceived Attractiveness on Social Anxiety for Women Across Social Situations","volume":"30","author":"Howell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.4.472","article-title":"Marriage and Health: His and Hers","volume":"127","author":"Kiecolt-Glaser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180077","article-title":"Nonacceptance of Negative Emotions in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder: Association With Neuroactivity of the Dorsal Striatum","volume":"44","author":"Lamers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci. Jpn."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00297-20","article-title":"Application and Practice of Questionnaire Star in C Language Flipped Classroom Teaching","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.009","article-title":"Positive Rate of RT-PCR Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in 4880 Cases From One Hospital in Wuhan, China, From Jan to Feb 2020","volume":"505","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00779","article-title":"Gender Roles and Traits in Stress and Health","volume":"6","author":"Mayor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa091","article-title":"Potential False-Negative Nucleic Acid Testing Results for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Thermal Inactivation of Samples With Low Viral Loads","volume":"66","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.027","article-title":"Regulation of Negative Emotions Through Positive Reappraisal and Distancing in High-Trait-Anxious Women","volume":"267","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.04.006","article-title":"Social Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety by Gender Identity","volume":"59","author":"Reisner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1034-z","article-title":"Hormonal Contraceptives and Mood: Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research","volume":"21","author":"Robakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03248-x","article-title":"Coronavirus COVID-19 Impacts to Dentistry and Potential Salivary Diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Sabino-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7708","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1483","article-title":"A Review of Salivary Diagnostics and Its Potential Implication in Detection of Covid-19","volume":"12","author":"Sri Santosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14705","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Self-Reported Nausea: Validation of the Numerical Rating Scale and of a Daily Summary of Repeated Numerical Rating Scale Scores","volume":"28","author":"Wikstrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00297-20","article-title":"Negative Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs Do Not Rule Out COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Winichakoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01074","article-title":"Brief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Emotion Processing","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592092\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T22:58:56Z","timestamp":1633042736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592092\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.592092","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2235-2988"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"article-number":"592092"}}