{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:56:45Z","timestamp":1787590605825,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria is a human parasitic disease distributed in many tropical countries and caused by various <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species. <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> has the largest geographical distribution of the <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species and is predominant in the Americas, including Brazil. Only a small number of <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> vaccine formulations have successfully reached clinical trials relative to their <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> counterparts. One of the candidate antigens for a blood-stage <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> vaccine is apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA-1). Due to the worldwide distribution of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasites, a high degree of variability has been detected in this antigen sequence, representing a considerable challenge to the development of a universal vaccine against malaria. In this study, we evaluated how PvAMA-1 polymorphisms influence vaccine-derived immune responses in <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria. To this end, we expressed 9 recombinant protein representatives of different PvAMA-1 allelic variants in the yeast <jats:italic>Pichia pastoris<\/jats:italic>: Belem, Chesson I, Sal-1, Indonesia XIX, SK0814, TC103, PNG_05_ESP, PNG_62_MU, and PNG_68_MAS. After protein expression and purification, we evaluated the breadth of the immune responses derived from malaria-exposed individuals from the Amazon region. From 611 serum samples of malaria-exposed individuals, 53.68% of them reacted against the PvAMA-1 Belem through ELISA. Positive samples were further tested against recombinant proteins representing the other PvAMA-1 allelic variants. Whereas Sal-1, Chesson I and SK0814 variants were highly recognized by tested serum samples, Indonesia XIX, TC103, PNG_05_ESP, PNG_62_MU, and PNG_68_MAS were only slightly recognized. Moreover, polyclonal sera derived from C57BL\/6 mice immunized with the PvAMA-1 Belem protein predominantly recognized Belem, Sal-1, Chesson I, SK0814, and Indonesia XIX through ELISA. Last, ELISA-based competition assays demonstrated that a previous interaction between anti-Belem polyclonal serum and Sal-1, Chesson I, SK0814, or Indonesia XIX proteins could further inhibit antibody binding to the Belem variant. Our human and mouse data suggest the presence of common epitopes or cross-reactivity between Belem, Sal-1, Chesson I, and SK0814 variants. Although the PvAMA-1 Belem variant induces strain-transcendent antibodies, PvAMA-1 variants from Thailand and Papua New Guinea may need to be included in a universal vaccine formulation to achieve protection against <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.616230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T16:17:20Z","timestamp":1615911440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antibodies Against the Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen 1 From the Belem Strain Share Common Epitopes Among Other Worldwide Variants"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana Caroline Barbosa","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia Sanches","family":"Fran\u00e7oso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo Ferreira","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo H. 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