{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:40:11Z","timestamp":1793054411543,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012236","name":"Alberta Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Horizontal gene transfer is an important mechanism which facilitates bacterial populations in overcoming antimicrobial treatment. In this study, a total of 120\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 62\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were isolated from broiler chicken farms in Alberta. Fourteen serovars were identified among\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Thirty one percent of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (37\/120) were multiclass drug resistant (resistant to \u2265 3 drug classes), while only about 16% of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (10\/62) were multiclass drug resistant. Among those, eight\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates had an AmpC-type phenotype, and one\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate had an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-type beta-lactamase phenotype. We identified both AmpC-type (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and ESBL-type (\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) genes in both\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Plasmids from eight of nine\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were transferred to recipient strain\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    J53 through conjugation. Transferable plasmids in the eight\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were also transferred into a lab-made sodium azide-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    recipient through conjugation. The class 1 integrase gene,\n                    <jats:italic>int1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was detected on plasmids from two\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Further investigation of class 1 integron cassette regions revealed the presence of an\n                    <jats:italic>aadA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encoding streptomycin 3\u2019\u2019-adenylyltransferase, an\n                    <jats:italic>aadA1a<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>aadA2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encoding aminoglycoside 3\u2019\u2019-O-adenyltransferase, and a putative adenylyltransferase gene. This study provides some insight into potential horizontal gene transfer events of antimicrobial resistance genes between\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in broiler chicken production.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T01:23:00Z","timestamp":1615512180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genetic Characterization of AmpC and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Phenotypes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella From Alberta Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tam","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Checkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Caffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunu","family":"Mainali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl","family":"Gow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Agunos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Liljebjelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179384","article-title":"Antimicrobial use surveillance in broiler chicken flocks in Canad","volume":"12","author":"Agunos","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01650718","article-title":"Extended broad spectrum \u03b2-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae including resistance to cephamycins","volume":"17","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn907","article-title":"A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA","volume":"12","author":"Birnboim","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.125.1.149-157.1976","article-title":"Plasmid-Determined Beta-Lactamase Indistinguishable from the Chromosomal Beta-Lactamase of Escherichia coli","volume":"125","author":"Bobrowski","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110","article-title":"CTX-M enzymes: Origin and diffusion","volume":"3","author":"Cant\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.018","article-title":"Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing","volume":"63","author":"Carattoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01707-08","article-title":"Resistance plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"53","author":"Carattoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13539.x","article-title":"Mutations in the ampC promoter of Escherichia coli isolates resistant to oxyiminocephalosporins without extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase production","volume":"173","author":"Caroff","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0325-7541(14)70044-6","article-title":"First detection of CMY-2 plasmid mediated \u03b2 -lactamase in Salmonella Heidelberg in South America","volume":"46","author":"Cejas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and simple determination of the Escherichia coli phylogenetic group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia coli phylo-typing method revisited: Improvement of specificity and detection of new phylo-groups","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"B12","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement","year":"2013"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.143.2.594-602.1980","article-title":"Reversal by Trypsin of the Inhibition of Active Transport by Colicin E1","volume":"143","author":"Dankert","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012754","article-title":"Distribution of Class 1 Integrons with IS26-Mediated Deletions in Their 3 9 -Conserved Segments in Escherichia coli of Human and Animal Origin","volume":"5","author":"Dawes","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.02.049","article-title":"Co-occurrence of integrase 1, antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plants","volume":"94","author":"Di Cesare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00282","article-title":"Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives","volume":"5","author":"Diarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: A global perspective","volume":"18","author":"Ewers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.0944","article-title":"Characterization of blaCMY -Encoding Plasmids Among Salmonella Isolated in the United States in 2007","volume":"8","author":"Folster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Guelph, Ontario, CanadaPublic Health Agency of CanadaFoodNet Canada 2015 Short Report2017"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1936","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u00df -Lactamase, AmpC-Producing, and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli in Retail Broiler Chicken Meat, Italy","volume":"12","author":"Ghodousi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162369","article-title":"National outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Heidelberg infections linked to a single poultry company","volume":"11","author":"Gieraltowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"National Enteric Surveillance Program (NESP) 2013 Annual Report Executive Summary","year":"2015"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096738","article-title":"IncA\/C plasmid-mediated spread of CMY-2 in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from food animals in China","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg284","article-title":"AmpC \u00df-lactamases: what do we need to know for the future","volume":"52","author":"Hanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1306","article-title":"Diversity of Plasmid Replicons Encoding the blaCMY-2 Gene in Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Livestock Animals in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Hiki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00149-06","article-title":"Replicon typing of plasmids carrying CTX-M or CMY \u03b2-lactamases circulating among Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"50","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717729395","article-title":"Phylogroup and virulence gene association with clinical characteristics of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections from dogs and cats","volume":"30","author":"Hutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01641355","article-title":"Transferable resistance to cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefamandole and cefuroxime in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens","volume":"11","author":"Knothe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108290","article-title":"First detection of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in virulent Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"308","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2012_303","article-title":"E. coli as an All-Rounder: The Thin Line Between Commensalism and Pathogenicity","volume-title":"Between Pathogenicity and Commensalism","author":"Leimbach","year":"2013"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.3038-3040.2002","article-title":"Presence of integron-associated resistance in the community is widespread and contributes to multidrug resistance in the hospital","volume":"40","author":"Leverstein-van Hall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.2.753","article-title":"A plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase from Achromobacter species","volume":"145","author":"Levesque","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2012.4874","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of integrase and antibiotic resistance genes within SXT constin in Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor strains isolated from Iran using multiplex-PCR","volume":"15","author":"Marashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr412","article-title":"Plasmid typing and genetic context of AmpC \u03b2-lactamases in enterobacteriaceae lacking inducible chromosomal ampC genes: Findings from a Spanish hospital 1999-2007","volume":"67","author":"Mata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4305-4312.1998","article-title":"Comparison of Sample Sequences of the Salmonella typhi Genome to the Sequence of the Complete Escherichia coli K-12 Genome","volume":"66","author":"Mcclelland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.24.4974","article-title":"Comparison of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome with sampled genomes of a Klebsiella pneumoniae and three Salmonella enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Typhi and Paratyphi","volume":"28","author":"McClelland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.493","article-title":"Use of the cefepime-clavulanate ESBL Etest for detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in AmpC co-producing bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Mohanty","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Develop. Countries"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.1.358","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Cefoxitin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Canadian Hospitals","volume":"49","author":"Mulvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291x(62)90196-1","article-title":"Reversibility of inhibition of nucleic acids and protein synthesis by colicin K","volume":"7","author":"Nomura","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.1","article-title":"Plasmid-Determined AmpC-Type \u03b2-Lactamases","volume":"46","author":"Philippon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6545","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.18.6545","article-title":"Differences in Gene Content between Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolates and Comparison to Closely Related Serovars Gallinarum and Dublin","volume":"187","author":"Porwollik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"19","article-title":"History of Antimicrobial Usage in Agriculture: an Overview","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","author":"Prescott","year":"2006"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial (CIPARS) Annual Report 20152015"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki324","article-title":"Dissemination of SHV-12 and CTX-M-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and emergence of GES-3 in Korea","volume":"56","author":"Ryoo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.41.100187.003041","article-title":"Chromosomal Cephalosporinases Responsible for Multiple Resistance To Newer \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics","volume":"41","author":"Sanders","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4303-y","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of the management of uncomplicated urinary tract infection by community pharmacists","volume":"19","author":"Sanyal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(94)90203-8","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"13","article-title":"Chapter 2. Disk diffusion method","volume-title":"Laboratory manual of standardized methods for antimicrobial sensitivity tests for bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and environment","author":"Tendencia","year":"2004"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2014-00944","article-title":"Integrated farm management to prevent Salmonella Enteritidis contamination of eggs","volume":"23","author":"Trampel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poultry Res. J. Appl. Poultry Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(99)00600-X","article-title":"Characterisation of two new gene cassettes, aadA5 and dfrA17","volume":"182","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2658","article-title":"Integrons and Gene Cassettes in the Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"45","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2716","article-title":"Evidence for Transfer of CMY-2 AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase Plasmids between Escherichia coli and Salmonella Isolates from Food Animals and Humans","volume":"45","author":"Winokur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00641-12","article-title":"Genome sequence of Escherichia coli J53, a reference strain for genetic studies","volume":"194","author":"Yi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622195\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T01:23:12Z","timestamp":1615512192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622195\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622195","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.11.246645","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]]},"article-number":"622195"}}