{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:44:18Z","timestamp":1790876658818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of preterm birth (PTB) in India is around 13%. Specific bacterial communities or individual taxon living in the vaginal milieu of pregnant women is a potential risk factor for PTB and may play an important role in its pathophysiology. Besides, bacterial taxa associated with PTB vary across populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conduct a comparative analysis of vaginal microbiome composition and microbial genomic repertoires of women who enrolled in the Interdisciplinary Group for Advanced Research on Birth Outcomes \u2013 A DBT India Initiative (GARBH-Ini) pregnancy cohort to identify bacterial taxa associated with term birth (TB) and PTB in Indian women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaginal swabs were collected during all three trimesters from 38 pregnant Indian women who delivered spontaneous term (n=20) and preterm (n=18) neonates. Paired-end sequencing of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed using the metagenomic DNA isolated from vaginal swabs (n=115). Whole genome sequencing of bacterial species associated with birth outcomes was carried out by shotgun method.\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were grown anaerobically in the De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar culture medium for isolation of genomic DNA and whole genome sequencing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaginal microbiome of both term and preterm samples reveals similar alpha diversity indices. However, significantly higher abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value\n                      <jats:sub>All_Trimesters<\/jats:sub>\n                      &amp;lt;0.02),\n                      <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp (p-value\n                      <jats:sub>1st_Trimester &amp;lt;<\/jats:sub>\n                      0.05),\n                      <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value\n                      <jats:sub>2nd_Trimester<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.01) and\n                      <jats:italic>Sneathia sanguinegens<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value\n                      <jats:sub>2nd_Trimester &amp;lt;<\/jats:sub>\n                      0.0001) were identified in preterm samples whereas higher abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (p-value\n                      <jats:sub>3rd_Trimester<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.010) was observed in term samples by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. were found to be significantly different over time between term and preterm mothers. Analyses of the representative genomes of\n                      <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      indicate presence of secretory transcriptional regulator and several ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides correlated with anti-inflammatory condition in the vagina. These findings indicate protective role of\n                      <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n                      in reducing the risk of PTB.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings indicate that the dominance of specific\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and few other facultative anaerobes are associated with birth outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.622474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T01:06:48Z","timestamp":1622768808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Vaginal Microbial Signatures of Preterm Birth Delivery in Indian Women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shakti","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naina","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daizee","family":"Talukdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akansha","family":"Kothidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mousumi","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ojasvi","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Kshetrapal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitya","family":"Wadhwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Thiruvengadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bapu Koundinya","family":"Desiraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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