{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:42:02Z","timestamp":1782884522815,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the Visceral Leishmaniasis\/Kala-azar Elimination Program in South Asia in its consolidation phase, the focus is mainly on case detection, vector control, and identifying potential sources of infection. Accordingly, emphasis is presently on curbing transmission, which is potentially achievable by identification and elimination of potential reservoirs. The strongest contenders for being the disease reservoir are cases of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) which occurs in a minor proportion of individuals apparently cured of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). The demonstration of parasites in tissue aspirates despite being a risky and invasive process is the gold standard for diagnosis of VL, but is now being replaced by serological tests e.g., rK39 strip test and direct agglutination test. However, these antibody based tests are limited in their ability to diagnose relapses, detect cases of PKDL, and monitor effectiveness of treatment. Accordingly, detection of antigen or nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction has been successfully applied for monitoring of parasite kinetics. This review article provides updated information on recent developments regarding the available antibody or antigen\/nucleic acid based biomarkers for longitudinal monitoring of patients with VL or PKDL and emphasizes the need for availability of studies pertaining to quantification of treatment response or relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T05:04:32Z","timestamp":1613970272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Tracking of the Leishmania Parasite"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Srija","family":"Moulik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitali","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116408","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Leishmania donovani parasites complicates diagnosis of Visceral leishmaniasis: comparison of different serological tests in three endemic regions","volume":"10","author":"Abass","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-153","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR procedures for detecting and quantifying Leishmania donovani DNA in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a Visceral Leishmaniasis focus in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Abbasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.009","article-title":"Optimization of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the detection of Leishmania DNA in human blood samples","volume":"162","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02076","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02076-18","article-title":"Development of a Multiplexed Assay for Detection of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum Protein Biomarkers in Urine Samples of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Abeijon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008246","article-title":"Urine-based antigen detection assay for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis using monoclonal antibodies specific for six protein biomarkers of Leishmania infantum \/ Leishmania donovani. PLoS","volume":"14","author":"Abeijon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1946","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001946","article-title":"Leishmaniasis direct agglutination test: using pictorials as training materials to reduce inter-reader variability and improve accuracy","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/150746","article-title":"Systematic Review into Diagnostics for Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)","volume":"2013","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00386","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00386-18","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of a Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara","article-title":"Rapid detection of human and canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: assessment of a latex agglutination test based on the A2 antigen from amastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. Exp","volume":"133","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00048","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00048-18","article-title":"Recent Development of Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatments: Successes, Pitfalls, and Perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.2.231-235.1999","article-title":"Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of Leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 in Indian kala-azar patients","volume":"6","author":"Anam","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01036.x","article-title":"Elevated levels of IgG3 and IgG4 subclass in paediatric cases of kala azar","volume":"30","author":"Ansari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1086\/518167","article-title":"Clinical use of polymerase chain reaction performed on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for the diagnosis and monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a single-center, 8-year experience in Italy and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Antinori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006277","article-title":"Validation of rK39 immunochromatographic test and direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis in Spain","volume":"12","author":"Bangert","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02548.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the Leishmania OligoC-TesT and NASBA-oligochromatography for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Basiye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.026","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mediterranean Visceral Leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania-related antigen in urine and oral fluid samples","volume":"167","author":"Ben-Abid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_970_16","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the slit-skin smear in the diagnosis of Indian post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Bhargava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003273","article-title":"IgG1 as a potential biomarker of post-chemotherapeutic relapse in Visceral Leishmaniasis, and adaptation to a rapid diagnostic test","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.003","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent","volume":"102","author":"Boelaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318166af5d","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in patients with AIDS: relapse risk factors, value of polymerase chain reaction, and potential impact on secondary prophylaxis","volume":"48","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0229","article-title":"Evaluation of two rK39 dipstick tests, direct agglutination test, and indirect fluorescent antibody test for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in highland Ethiopia","volume":"84","author":"Ca\u00f1avate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01026.x","article-title":"Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Chappuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00752.x","article-title":"Distribution of IgG subclasses in antimonial unresponsive Indian kala-azar patients","volume":"114","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-1759(02)00216-8","article-title":"Development of an assay for quantification of linkage-specific O-acetylated sialoglycans on erythrocytes; its application in Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"270","author":"Chava","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1086\/315795","article-title":"Competence of the human host as a reservoir for Leishmania chagasi","volume":"182","author":"Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001665","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serologic and molecular methods for detecting Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cota","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(02)90074-x","article-title":"A nested polymerase chain reaction (Ln-PCR) for diagnosing and monitoring Leishmania infantum infection in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus","author":"Cruz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5716-3","article-title":"Performance of two immunochromatographic tests for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in patients coinfected with HIV","volume":"117","author":"da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"619","article-title":"Use of rK39 for diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis in Nepal","volume":"38","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast. Asian. J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0590","article-title":"Case series of misdiagnosis with rK39 strip test in Indian leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008272","article-title":"Conversion of asymptomatic infection to symptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis: A study of possible immunological markers","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"321","article-title":"Identification and glycobiological characterization of circulating immune complexes in patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis and post kala azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"Datta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_485_18","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-gal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Indian post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"85","author":"Datta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02154.x","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of a new Leishmania PCR for clinical Visceral Leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease","volume":"13","author":"Deborggraeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002598","article-title":"The biological diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients","volume":"97","author":"Deniau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0211719","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211719","article-title":"Leishmania infantum recombinant kinesin degenerated derived repeat (rKDDR): A novel potential antigen for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Dhom-Lemos","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.02.001","article-title":"Serological diagnosis and prognostic of tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniasis using a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein","volume":"67","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00213","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00213-20","article-title":"Evaluation of Cysteine Protease C of Leishmania donovani in comparison with Glycoprotein 63 and Elongation Factor-1\u03b1 for diagnosis of human Visceral Leishmaniasis and for post-treatment follow-up response","volume":"58","author":"Didwania","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.002","article-title":"Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"Diro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006922","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006922","article-title":"Validation of SYBR green I based closed tube loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay and simplified direct-blood-lysis (DBL)-LAMP assay for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis(VL)","volume":"12","author":"Dixit","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.03.024","article-title":"Performance of Leishmania braziliensis enolase protein for the serodiagnosis of canine and human Visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"238","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz057","article-title":"Impact of sequelae of Visceral Leishmaniasis and their contribution to ongoing transmission of Leishmania donovani","volume":"77","author":"Duthie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005035","article-title":"Noninvasive Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Development and Evaluation of Two Urine-Based Immunoassays for Detection of Leishmania donovani Infection in India","volume":"10","author":"Ejazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46283-9","article-title":"A multicentric evaluation of dipstick test for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Ethiopia and Spain","volume":"9","author":"Ejazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/351579","article-title":"Misdiagnosis and mistreatment of post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"2013","author":"El Hassan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(02)90075-1","article-title":"A nested polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis and follow-up of human Visceral Leishmaniasis patients using blood samples","author":"Fisa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.028","article-title":"Evaluation of three recombinant Leishmania infantum antigens in human and canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis","volume":"137","author":"Fonseca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860049","article-title":"Evaluation of a new brand of immunochromatographic test for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil made available from 2018","volume":"60","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007484","article-title":"Performance of serological tests available in Brazil for the diagnosis of human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04558.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis\u2013an overview","volume":"49","author":"Ganguly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003902","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003902","article-title":"Development of an Immunochromatographic Test for Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis Based on Detection of a Circulating Antigen","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008221","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program","volume":"14","author":"Gedda","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"50","article-title":"Development and Assessment of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for the Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1667-2","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic performance of rK28 ELISA using urine for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy234","article-title":"Evaluation of Real-time PCR for Diagnosis of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Endemic Foci of Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000475","article-title":"The performance of direct agglutination tests (DAT) in the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis among Ethiopian patients with HIV co-infection","volume":"96","author":"Hailu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005889","article-title":"Towards elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent-Translating research to practice to public health","volume":"11","author":"Hirve","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185606","article-title":"Real-time PCR in detection and quantitation of Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis patients and the monitoring of their response to treatment","volume":"12","author":"Hossain","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"48","article-title":"The rK39 Antigen from an Iranian Strain of Leishmania infantum: Detection of Anti-Leishmania Antibodies in Humans and Dogs","volume":"15","author":"Hosseini Farash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0822:SASKDF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sequencing a specific kinetoplast DNA fragment of Leishmania donovani for polymerase chain reaction amplification in diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in bone marrow and blood samples","volume":"86","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1635430","article-title":"A rapid diagnostic test for human Visceral Leishmaniasis using novel Leishmania antigens in a Laser Direct-Write Lateral Flow Device","volume":"8","author":"Humbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192302","article-title":"Glycoproteins in circulating immune complexes are biomarkers of patients with Indian PKDL: A study from endemic districts of West Bengal, India","volume":"13","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-280","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Leishmania DNA in buffy coat from Visceral Leishmaniasis patients","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04298-14","article-title":"Systematic review of biomarkers to monitor therapeutic response in Leishmaniasis","volume":"59","author":"Kip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00181","article-title":"Macrophage Activation Marker Neopterin: A Candidate Biomarker for Treatment Response and Relapse in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Kip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0261","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel Leishmania donovani antigen for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"86","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.236-240.2000","article-title":"Optimized PCR using patient blood samples for diagnosis and follow-up of Visceral Leishmaniasis, with special reference to AIDS patients","volume":"38","author":"Lachaud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S143929","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lindoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03064.x","article-title":"Latent class analysis of diagnostic tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Machado de Assis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105318","article-title":"A Leishmania infantum hypothetical protein evaluated as a recombinant protein and specific B-cell epitope for the serodiagnosis and prognosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"203","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.76","article-title":"Evaluation of direct agglutination test, rk39 Test, and ELISA for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"79","author":"Mandal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004","article-title":"Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity","volume":"42","author":"Mary","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.858","article-title":"Reference values for Leishmania infantum parasitemia in different clinical presentations: quantitative polymerase chain reaction for therapeutic monitoring and patient follow-up","volume":"75","author":"Mary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis\/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in India: the focus of two epidemics","volume":"55","author":"Mathur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002233","article-title":"Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bihar India: comparison of the rK39 rapid diagnostic test on whole blood versus serum","volume":"7","author":"Matlashewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002441","article-title":"Validation of two rapid diagnostic tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Mbui","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7364854","article-title":"Development and Validation of a PCR-ELISA for the Diagnosis of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. J","volume":"2017","author":"Medeiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-162","article-title":"Genetic and functional evaluation of the role of CXCR1 and CXCR2 in susceptibility to Visceral Leishmaniasis in north-east India","volume":"12","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genet."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.51","article-title":"Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"60","author":"Molina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0527","article-title":"Ultrasensitive real-time PCR for the clinical management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV-Infected patients","volume":"89","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix245","article-title":"Infectivity of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Patients to Sand Flies: Revisiting a Proof of Concept in the Context of the Kala-azar Elimination Program in the Indian Subcontinent","volume":"65","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000832","article-title":"Enhanced case detection and improved diagnosis of PKDL in a Kala-azar-endemic area of Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Mondal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1572-8","article-title":"Mobile suitcase laboratory for rapid detection of Leishmania donovani using recombinase polymerase amplification assay","volume":"9","author":"Mondal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy891","article-title":"Quantifying the Infectiousness of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Toward Sand Flies","volume":"69","author":"Mondal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix808","article-title":"Monitoring of Parasite Kinetics in Indian Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Moulik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0145-2013","article-title":"Performance of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a large urban setting","volume":"46","author":"Moura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Soc Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"B88","first-page":"152","article-title":"Development of Leishmania donovani in Phlebotomus argentipes & Ph","volume":"93","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Papatasi Fed. Kala-azar Patients Bihar. Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012","article-title":"Evaluation of serological markers to monitor the disease status of Indian post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv060","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of rK28-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis: a prospective clinical cohort study in Sudan","volume":"109","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006264","article-title":"Sensitive and less invasive confirmatory diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sudan using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)","volume":"12","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.65.315","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Leishmania DNA in skin samples of post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis patients from an endemic area of Bangladesh","volume":"65","author":"Nasreen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B93","unstructured":"Independent Assessment of Kala-azar Elimination Programme India2020"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007698","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection","volume":"13","author":"Nzelu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt004","article-title":"Validation of a direct agglutination test prototype kit for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"107","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-15","article-title":"SYBR Green-based real-time PCR targeting kinetoplast DNA can be used to discriminate between the main etiologic agents of Brazilian cutaneous and Visceral leishmaniases","volume":"5","author":"Pita-Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.10.043","article-title":"Identification of immune biomarkers related to disease progression and treatment efficacy in human Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"223","author":"Portela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10402.x","article-title":"Miltefosine as an effective choice in the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"165","author":"Ramesh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2424-8","article-title":"Clinico-epidemiological analysis of Post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases in India over last two decades: a hospital based retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004093","article-title":"Decline in Clinical Efficacy of Oral Miltefosine in Treatment of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) in India","volume":"9","author":"Ramesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000226971.42622.4e","article-title":"Leishmania-HIV co-infection: an emerging problem in India","volume":"20","author":"Redhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3839-3","article-title":"Expression of a rK39 homologue from an Iranian Leishmania infantum isolate in Leishmania tarentolae for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Rezaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Vectors."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(03)00015-4","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum cryptic infection in asymptomatic blood donors living in an endemic area (Eivissa, Balearic Islands, Spain) by different diagnostic methods","volume":"98","author":"Riera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5224","article-title":"Eliminating Visceral Leishmaniasis in South Asia: the road ahead","volume":"364","author":"Rijal","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Leishmania OligoC-TesT and NASBA-Oligochromatography for diagnosis of Leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"4","author":"Saad","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1269-1277.2005","article-title":"Leishmania promastigote membrane antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting for differential diagnosis of Indian post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"43","author":"Saha","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.12.007","article-title":"Urine antigen detection by latex agglutination test for diagnosis and assessment of initial cure of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Salam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B109","first-page":"263","article-title":"Immunoblot analysis of the antibody response to antigens of Leishmania donovani in Indian kala-azar","volume":"56","author":"Salotra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.849-854.2001","article-title":"Development of a species-specific PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in clinical samples from patients with kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Salotra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.11.840","article-title":"Parasite detection in patients with post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis in India: a comparison between molecular and immunological methods","volume":"56","author":"Salotra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230610","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230610","article-title":"Performance of rK39-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis using whole blood, serum and oral fluid","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103783","article-title":"Recombinant Leishmania eukaryotic elongation factor-1 beta protein: A potential diagnostic antigen to detect tegumentary and Visceral Leishmaniasis in dogs and humans","volume":"137","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.175-178.2000","article-title":"Performance of immunoblotting in diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-Leishmania sp.-coinfected patients","volume":"38","author":"Santos-Gomes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007249","article-title":"Active surveillance identified a neglected burden of macular cases of Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in West Bengal","volume":"13","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.10.1191-1194.2005","article-title":"Potential of direct agglutination test based on promastigote and amastigote antigens for serodiagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-2-187","article-title":"The rK39 strip test is non-predictor of clinical status for kala-azar","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.148562","article-title":"Histopathological characteristics of post kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis: a series of 88 patients","volume":"81","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008363","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in Visceral Leishmaniasis control and elimination","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B120","first-page":"197","article-title":"Pre- & post-treatment evaluation of immunological features in Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) patients with HIV co-infection","volume":"123","author":"Sinha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.4.1777-1778.2004","article-title":"Nested PCR assay for detection of Leishmania donovani in slit aspirates from post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis Lesions","volume":"42","author":"Sreenivas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019304","article-title":"Diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis by nucleic acid detection using PCR","volume":"6","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr185","article-title":"Study of parasite kinetics with antileishmanial drugs using real-time quantitative PCR in Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3905","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01465-15","article-title":"A correlative study of splenic parasite score and peripheral blood parasite load estimation by quantitative PCR in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Sudarshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.9.5.951-958.2002","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Sundar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.018","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis: direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test","volume":"100","author":"Sundar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01775.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of parasitology and serological tests in the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: a phase III diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"12","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1532790","article-title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis elimination targets in India, strategies for preventing resurgence","volume":"16","author":"Sundar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.929","article-title":"Field evaluation of rK39 test and direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in a population with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in Ethiopia","volume":"80","author":"ter Horst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0749","article-title":"Noninvasive Sweat-Based Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"99","author":"Topno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03540.x","article-title":"Evaluation of rK28 antigen for serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India","volume":"18","author":"Vaish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010107","article-title":"Quantification of parasite load in clinical samples of Leishmaniasis patients: IL-10 level correlates with parasite load in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12047","article-title":"Reliable diagnosis of post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) using slit aspirate specimen to avoid invasive sampling procedures","volume":"18","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j","article-title":"Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the sensitive and rapid diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"75","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. m Dis."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/745062","article-title":"Clinicopathological and Immunological Changes in Indian Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) Cases in relation to Treatment: A Retrospective Study","volume":"2015","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2318-8","article-title":"Development of a rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis and assessment of cure of Leishmania infection","volume":"17","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154117","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154117","article-title":"Elevated Serum ADA Activity as a Marker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Indian Patients","volume":"11","author":"Vijayamahantesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.063","article-title":"Evaluation of point-of-care tests for cutaneous Leishmaniasis diagnosis in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"37","author":"Vink","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B139","unstructured":"Process of validation of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem2016"},{"key":"B140","unstructured":"Eliminating Visceral leishmaniasis: India takes decisive steps to overcome last-mile challenges2020"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3420-2","article-title":"Development of a sandwich ELISA to detect Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein S12 antigen from blood samples of Visceral Leishmaniasis patients","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005877","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: A threat to the South-East Asia Region Kala-azar Elimination Programme","volume":"11","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00228","article-title":"Biomarkers in Post-kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T05:04:48Z","timestamp":1613970288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":144,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.623437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"article-number":"623437"}}