{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:02:24Z","timestamp":1791820944704,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Initial malarial infection mostly causes symptomatic illness in humans. Infection that is not fatal induces complete protection from severe illness and death, and thus complete protection from severe illness or death is granted with sufficient exposure. However, malaria parasite immunity necessitates constant exposure. Therefore, it is important to evaluate lowered immunity and recurrent susceptibility to symptomatic disease in lower transmission areas. We aimed to investigate selection pressure based on transmission levels, antimalarial drug use, and environmental factors. We whole genome sequenced (WGS) <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> clinical samples from Chinese hosts working in Ghana and compared the results with the WGS data of isolates from native Ghanaians downloaded from pf3k. The <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> samples were generally clustered according to their geographic origin, and Chinese imported samples showed a clear African origin with a slightly different distribution from the native Ghanaian samples. Moreover, samples collected from two host populations showed evidence of differences in the intensity of selection. Compared with native Ghanaian samples, the China-imported isolates exhibited a higher proportion of monoclonal infections, and many genes associated with RBC invasion and immune evasion were found to be under less selection pressure. There was no significant difference in the selection of drug-resistance genes due to a similar artemisinin-based combination therapy medication profile. Local selection of malarial parasites is considered to be a result of differences in the host immunity or disparity in the transmission opportunities of the host. In China, most <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections were imported from Africa, and under these circumstances, distinct local selective pressures may be caused by varying acquired immunity and transmission intensity. This study revealed the impact of host switching on the immune system, and it may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that enable clinical immunity to malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.630797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T05:51:31Z","timestamp":1614232291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genome-Wide Scans for Ghanaian Plasmodium falciparum Genes Under Selection From Local and Chinese Host Populations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shan-Mei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Qi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen-Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Bing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kokouvi","family":"Kassegne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Okpeku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Mo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-246","article-title":"Enhancements to the ADMIXTURE algorithm for individual ancestry estimation","volume":"12","author":"Alexander","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Plasmodium falciparum population genetics in northern Ghana","author":"Amenga-Etego","year":"2012"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9550-9","volume-title":"Malaria Control and Elimination","author":"Ariey","year":"2019"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn814","article-title":"PlasmoDB: a functional genomic database for malaria parasites","volume":"37","author":"Aurrecoechea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0784-2","article-title":"A comparative study of the localization and membrane topology of members of the RIFIN, STEVOR and Pf MC-2TM protein families in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes","volume":"14","author":"Bachmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00359","article-title":"Strategies for designing and monitoring malaria vaccines targeting diverse antigens","volume":"5","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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