{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:51:32Z","timestamp":1793893892541,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>False-positive results in the diagnostic of meningitis and encephalitis pose important challenges. This study aimed to determine false-positive rates for <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> in cerebrospinal fluids evaluated by the BioFire FilmArray<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Meningitis\/Encephalitis Panel. We conducted a retrospective study of all <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>-positive FilmArray<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>. Meningitis\/Encephalitis Panel results from June 2016 to October 2019 in two Swiss university hospitals. Cases were classified as true positive, likely true-positive, and likely false-positive results according to cerebrospinal fluid culture, <jats:italic>H.\u00a0influenzae<\/jats:italic>-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and Gram staining, as well as culture of other materials. We performed 3,082 panels corresponding to 2,895 patients: 0.6% of the samples (18\/3,082) were positive for <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>. Culture and <jats:italic>H.\u00a0influenzae<\/jats:italic>-specific qPCR were performed on 17\/18 (94.4%) and 3\/18 (16.7%) cerebrospinal fluid samples, respectively; qPCR was negative in all cases. Among 17 samples sent for culture, 10 concerned patients were not treated with antibiotics prior to lumbar puncture. Only 1\/17 revealed growth of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> and was classified as a true positive. We further classified 3\/18 (16.7%) cases with the identification of Gram-negative rods in the cerebrospinal fluid or positive blood cultures for <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> as likely true-positive and 14\/18 (77.8%) cases as likely false-positive. Diagnostic results should always be interpreted together with the clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and other available microbiological results. All <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>-positive results should be viewed with special caution and a <jats:italic>H. influenzae-<\/jats:italic>specific qPCR should be systematically considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T06:10:55Z","timestamp":1615183855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Unexpectedly High False-Positive Rates for Haemophilus influenzae Using a Meningoencephalitis Syndromic PCR Panel in Two Tertiary Centers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marie-C\u00e9line","family":"Zanella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdessalam","family":"Cherkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimira","family":"Hinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesuele","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Goldenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Egli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Schrenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05476-11","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae infections in the H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine era","volume":"49","author":"Agrawal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223887","article-title":"A review of a 13-month period of FilmArray Meningitis\/Encephalitis panel implementation as a first-line diagnosis tool at a university hospital","volume":"14","author":"Boudet","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":""},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Couverture vaccinale des enfants \u00e2g\u00e9s de 2, 8 et 16 ans en Suisse (2014-2016). Bull OFSP 20182018"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00730-16","article-title":"Multicenter Evaluation of BioFire FilmArray Meningitis\/Encephalitis Panel for Detection of Bacteria, Viruses, and Yeast in Cerebrospinal Fluid Specimens","volume":"54","author":"Leber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01940-17","article-title":"One Year in the Life of a Rapid Syndromic Panel for Meningitis\/Encephalitis: a Pediatric Tertiary Care Facility\u2019s Experience","volume":"56","author":"Naccache","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of the FilmArray Meningitis\/Encephalitis panel with focus on bacteria and Cryptococcus spp","volume":"157","author":"Nestor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. 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Infect."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639658\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T06:11:00Z","timestamp":1615183860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639658\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"article-number":"639658"}}