{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:53:29Z","timestamp":1789480409057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially deadly parasitic disease. In the Indian sub-continent, VL is caused by<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>and transmitted<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>the bite of an infected<jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>female sand fly, the only competent vector species in the region. The highest disease burden is in the northern part of the Indian sub-continent, especially in the state of Bihar. India, Bangladesh, and Nepal embarked on an initiative, coordinated by World Health Organization, to eliminate VL as a public health problem by the year 2020. The main goal is to reduce VL incidence below one case per 10,000 people through early case-detection, prompt diagnosis and treatment, and reduction of transmission using vector control measures. Indoor residual spraying, a major pillar of the elimination program, is the only vector control strategy used by the government of India. Though India is close to its VL elimination target, important aspects of vector bionomics and sand fly transmission dynamics are yet to be determined. To achieve sustained elimination and to prevent a resurgence of VL, knowledge gaps in vector biology and behavior, and the constraints they may pose to current vector control methods, need to be addressed. Herein, we discuss the successes and failures of previous and current vector-control strategies implemented to combat kala-azar in Bihar, India, and identify gaps in our understanding of vector transmission towards development of innovative tools to ensure sustained vector control in the post-elimination period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T07:01:12Z","timestamp":1615273272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Towards a Sustainable Vector-Control Strategy in the Post Kala-Azar Elimination Era"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Garlapati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Iniguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago D.","family":"Serafim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhas K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basab","family":"Rooj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikas","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus G.","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sridhar","family":"Srikantiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caryn","family":"Bern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Kamhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11790","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810435115","article-title":"Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer Cannabis sativa","volume":"115","author":"Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00121","article-title":"Biomarkers for exposure to sand flies bites as tools to aid control of leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040718","article-title":"Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Bern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000599","article-title":"Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination","volume":"4","author":"Bern","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02279.x","article-title":"The poorest of the poor: a poverty appraisal of households affected by visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"14","author":"Boelaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1309-8","article-title":"Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani\u00a0to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"9","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.10.011","article-title":"Exploiting Intimate Relationships: Controlling Mosquito-Transmitted Disease with Wolbachia","volume":"32","author":"Caragata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Annual Report: Sustainable Elimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis as a Public Health issue in Bihar and Jharkhand - Phase 3","year":"2020"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03345-0","article-title":"Seroconversion to Lutzomyia intermedia LinB-13 as a biomarker for developing cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0682","article-title":"Comparison of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying to control the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh","volume":"84","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1179\/136485911X12899838683124","article-title":"The Indian and Nepalese programmes of indoor residual spraying for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis: performance and effectiveness","volume":"105","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1180775","article-title":"Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent","volume":"110","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0336","article-title":"Measurement of recent exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of Indian visceral Leishmaniasis, by using human antibody responses to sand fly saliva","volume":"82","author":"Clements","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507782112","article-title":"DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India","volume":"112","author":"Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006571","article-title":"Combining epidemiology with basic biology of sand flies, parasites, and hosts to inform leishmaniasis transmission dynamics and control","volume":"13","author":"Courtenay","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3227-4","article-title":"Wolbachia introduction into Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) cell lines and its effects on immune-related gene expression and interaction with Leishmania infantum","volume":"12","author":"Da Silva Goncalves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"49","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts Vaishaii and Patna (Bihar)","volume":"35","author":"Dhiman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00724.x","article-title":"The efficacy of indoor CDC light traps for collecting the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes, vector of Leishmania donovani","volume":"22","author":"Dinesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3157\/021.120.0505","article-title":"Peridomestic Breeding and Resting Sites of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Bihar, India","volume":"120","author":"Dinesh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Entomol News"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000859","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in India and Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Dinesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.06.066","article-title":"Efficacy and evaluation of environmental management system to control sandfly vector of Kala-azar","volume":"201","author":"Dinesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"22","article-title":"The principles of disease elimination and eradication","volume":"76","author":"Dowdle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.021","article-title":"Wolbachia Blocks Currently Circulating Zika Virus Isolates in Brazilian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"19","author":"Dutra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0691-y","article-title":"Repellent and insecticidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against three mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens) on dogs","volume":"8","author":"Fankhauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11115","article-title":"Identification of bloodmeals in wild caught blood fed Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) using cytochrome b PCR and reverse line blotting in Bihar, India","volume":"49","author":"Garlapati","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001296","article-title":"Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"5","author":"Gidwani","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0978","article-title":"Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preventive Practices Related to Kala-A: A Study of Rural Madhepura, Bihar, India","volume":"98","author":"Govil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.111083","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in rural bihar, India","volume":"18","author":"Hasker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.881","article-title":"Identification of aerobic gut bacteria from the kala azar vector, Phlebotomus argentipes: a platform for potential paratransgenic manipulation of sand flies","volume":"79","author":"Hillesland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876742","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/876742","article-title":"Toolkit for monitoring and evaluation of indoor residual spraying for visceral leishmaniasis control in the Indian subcontinent: application and results","volume":"2011","author":"Huda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India","year":"2017"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14555.1","article-title":"Establishment of a method for Lutzomyia longipalpis sand fly embryo microinjection: The first step towards potential novel control strategies for leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Jeffries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-54","article-title":"Chemical and environmental vector control as a contribution to the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent: cluster randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01121-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01121-16","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome of the Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis Is Essential for Survival of Leishmania infantum","volume":"8","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"154","article-title":"Field Trial of an Ecological Approach for the Control of Phlebotomus-Argentipes Using Mud and Lime Plaster","volume":"101","author":"Kumar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008254","article-title":"Kala-azar elimination in a highly-endemic district of Bihar, India: A success story","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2017.01.002","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: a comparison of predictions from three transmission models","volume":"18","author":"Le Rutte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1136","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1136","article-title":"Hazards of setting targets to eliminate disease: lessons from the leprosy elimination campaign","volume":"348","author":"Lockwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12755","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12755","article-title":"The midgut microbiota plays an essential role in sand fly vector competence for Leishmania major","volume":"19","author":"Louradour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01941-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01941-19","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9 Mutagenesis in Phlebotomus papatasi: the Immune Deficiency Pathway Impacts Vector Competence for Leishmania major","volume":"10","author":"Louradour","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106771","article-title":"Exposure to Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) sand flies in rural areas of Bihar, India: the role of housing conditions","volume":"9","author":"Malaviya","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006769","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006769","article-title":"Optimization of sand fly embryo microinjection for gene editing by CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"12","author":"Martin-Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0598","article-title":"Characterization of the antibody response to the saliva of Phlebotomus papatasi in people living in endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Marzouki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001911","article-title":"Salivary antigen SP32 is the immunodominant target of the antibody response to Phlebotomus papatasi bites in humans","volume":"6","author":"Marzouki","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003991","article-title":"Validation of Recombinant Salivary Protein PpSP32 as a Suitable Marker of Human Exposure to Phlebotomus papatasi, the Vector of Leishmania major in Tunisia","volume":"9","author":"Marzouki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix245","article-title":"Infectivity of Post-Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Patients to Sand Flies: Revisiting a Proof of Concept in the Context of the Kala-azar Elimination Program in the Indian Subcontinent","volume":"65","author":"Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1907.120932","article-title":"Reducing visceral leishmaniasis by insecticide impregnation of bed-nets, Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Mondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy891","article-title":"Quantifying the Infectiousness of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Toward Sand Flies","volume":"69","author":"Mondal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003449","article-title":"Severity of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is influenced by previous exposure to sandfly bites in Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Mondragon-Shem","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.042","article-title":"A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium","volume":"139","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"458","article-title":"Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in some kala-azar endemic areas of Bihar (India)","volume":"91","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B54","volume-title":"Accelerated Plan for Kala-azar Elimination 2017","year":"2017"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of IndiaKala-azar situation in India2020"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64820-9","article-title":"Immunity to vector saliva is compromised by short sand fly seasons in endemic regions with temperate climates","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-8727-1_24","article-title":"The Use of Wolbachia by the World Mosquito Program to Interrupt Transmission of Aedes aegypti Transmitted Viruses","volume":"1062","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02110.x","article-title":"Vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent, what is the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Ostyn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25236-8","article-title":"Wolbachia significantly impacts the vector competence of Aedes aegypti for Mayaro virus","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0442","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis prevalence and associated risk factors in the saran district of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011","volume":"88","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000587","article-title":"Effect of village-wide use of long-lasting insecticidal nets on visceral Leishmaniasis vectors in India and Nepal: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"4","author":"Picado","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c6760","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6760","article-title":"Longlasting insecticidal nets for prevention of Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal: paired cluster randomised trial","volume":"341","author":"Picado","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12224","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandfly ecology on the Indian subcontinent: does village vegetation play a role in sandfly distribution in Bihar, India","volume":"31","author":"Poche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00119.x","article-title":"Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies from three villages in Bihar, India","volume":"36","author":"Poche","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2012.00211.x","article-title":"The role of Palmyra palm trees (Borassus flabellifer) and sand fly distribution in northeastern India","volume":"37","author":"Poche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12259","article-title":"Evaluation of Fipronil Oral Dosing to Cattle for Control of Adult and Larval Sand Flies Under Controlled Conditions","volume":"50","author":"Poche","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0883-0","article-title":"Treatment of livestock with systemic insecticides for control of Anopheles arabiensis in western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Poche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006168","article-title":"Bionomics of Phlebotomus argentipes in villages in Bihar, India with insights into efficacy of IRS-based control measures","volume":"12","author":"Poche","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12312","article-title":"Short-term movement of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic village in Bihar, India","volume":"43","author":"Poche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008011","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008011","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian Subcontinent: Efficacy of fipronil-based cattle treatment in controlling sand fly populations is dependent on specific aspects of sand fly ecology","volume":"14","author":"Poche","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.030","article-title":"Preliminary efficacy investigations of oral fipronil against Anopheles arabiensis when administered to Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) under field conditions","volume":"176","author":"Poche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-90830\/v1","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis outbreaks in Bihar: community-level investigations in the context of elimination of kala-azar as a public health problem","volume":"14","author":"Priyamvada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01807.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine-mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Ritmeijer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B74","first-page":"149","article-title":"A longitudinal review of kala-azar in Bihar","volume":"11","author":"Sanyal","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Com Dis."},{"key":"B75","first-page":"89","article-title":"Return of kala-azar","volume":"65","author":"Sen Gupta","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2013.262","article-title":"Susceptibility of the sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"68","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01647.x","article-title":"Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02515.x","article-title":"Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in India: further evidence on the role of domestic animals","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0235","article-title":"Estimation of under-reporting of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Bihar, India","volume":"82","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.213506","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in different foci in three states of India","volume":"49","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3085.1","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"99","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu102","article-title":"Asymptomatic Leishmania infection: a new challenge for Leishmania control","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30140-2","article-title":"Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008363","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30166-X","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to evaluate the infectiousness of humans to sandflies in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India: a transmission-dynamics study","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000649","article-title":"Using recombinant proteins from Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva to estimate human vector exposure in visceral Leishmaniasis endemic areas","volume":"4","author":"Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006981","article-title":"Human antibody reaction against recombinant salivary proteins of Phlebotomus orientalis in Eastern Africa","volume":"12","author":"Sumova","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic","volume":"31","author":"Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000638","article-title":"Discovery of markers of exposure specific to bites of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum chagasi in Latin America","volume":"4","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B90","first-page":"447","article-title":"A new strategy for elimination of kala-azar from rural Bihar","volume":"126","author":"Thakur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx099","article-title":"Establishing, Expanding, and Certifying a Closed Colony of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) for Xenodiagnostic Studies at the Kala Azar Medical Research Center, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India","volume":"54","author":"Tiwary","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53769-z","article-title":"Wild specimens of sand fly phlebotomine Lutzomyia evansi, vector of leishmaniasis, show high abundance of Methylobacterium and natural carriage of Wolbachia and Cardinium types in the midgut microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Vivero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10355","article-title":"The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations","volume":"476","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B94","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia region (2005-2015)","year":"2005"},{"key":"B95","volume-title":"Monitoring and evaluation tool kit for indoor residual spraying: kala-azar elimination in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","year":"2010"},{"key":"B96","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala-azar from the South-East Asia region (2011-2015)","year":"2012"},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"Kala-Azar Elimination Programme. Report of a WHO consultation of partners","year":"2015"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Visceral Leishmaniasis2020"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003228","article-title":"Benefit of insecticide-treated nets, curtains and screening on vector borne diseases, excluding malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005877","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: A threat to the South-East Asia Region Kala-azar Elimination Programme","volume":"11","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T17:43:37Z","timestamp":1724607817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.641632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"article-number":"641632"}}