{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:36:29Z","timestamp":1782538589750,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, caused by encapsulated yeasts belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. The genus <jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic> includes several species distributed around the world. The <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex is largely responsible for most cases of cryptococcosis. However, clinical series have been published of infections caused by <jats:italic>Papiliotrema<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cryptococcus<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>laurentii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Naganishia albida<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Cryptococcus albidus<\/jats:italic>), among other related genera. Here, we examined the pathogenic potential and antifungal susceptibility of <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex (clades I and II) and related genera (<jats:italic>Papiliotrema<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Naganishia<\/jats:italic>) isolated from environmental and clinical samples. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>laurentii<\/jats:italic> (clade III), <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>liquefasciens\/N. albidosimilis<\/jats:italic> (clade IV)<jats:bold>;<\/jats:bold> and <jats:italic>N. adeliensis<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albida<\/jats:italic> (clade V) strains produced higher levels of phospholipase and hemolysins, whereas the <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex strains (clades I and II) had markedly thicker capsules, produced more biofilm biomass and melanin, which are known virulence attributes. Interestingly, 40% of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> strains (clade II) had MICs above the ECV established for this species to amphotericin B. Several non-<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex (clades III to V) had MICs equal to or above the ECVs established for <jats:italic>C. deuterogattii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic> for all the three antifungal drugs tested. Finally, all the non-<jats:italic>C. gattii\/neoformans<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates (clades III to V) produced more melanin than the environmental isolates might reflect their particularly enhanced need for melanin during <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> protection. It is very clear that <jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex (clades I and II) strains, in general, show more similar virulence phenotypes between each other when compared to non-<jats:italic>C. gattii<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>neoformans<\/jats:italic> species complex (clades III to V) isolates. These observations together with the fact that <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>laurentii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Naganishia<\/jats:italic> spp. (clades III to V) strains were collected from the outside of a University Hospital, identify features of these yeasts important for environmental and patient colonization and furthermore, define mechanisms for infections with these uncommon pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.642658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T15:20:46Z","timestamp":1625152846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparison of Cryptococcus gattii\/neoformans Species Complex to Related Genera (Papiliotrema and Naganishia) Reveal Variances in Virulence Associated Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lana Sarita de Souza","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Ara\u00fajo Paulo","family":"de Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dena L.","family":"Toffaletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Tenor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia Fraga","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rejane Pereira","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo Gon\u00e7alves de Lima","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline Pipolo","family":"Milan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina Barbosa","family":"Padovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walicyranison Plinio da Silva","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Perfect","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme Maranh\u00e3o","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-012-9575-2","article-title":"Cryptococcus Laurentii Biofilms: Structure, Development and Antifungal Drug Resistance","author":"Ajesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12499","article-title":"Molecular Typing of Environmental Cryptococcus Neoformans\/C. 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