{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T20:06:02Z","timestamp":1790539562416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, a representative model organism belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, can infect almost all warm-blooded organisms, including humans. The invasion of host cells <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> host\u2013parasite interaction is the key step for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> to complete its life cycle. Herein we performed tandem mass tag analysis to investigate global proteomic changes in host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts, HFFs) [HFFs infected with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (HT) <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. HFFs (H)] and <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> [HT <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (T)] during intracellular infection. Overall, 3477 and 1434 proteins were quantified, of which 375 and 1099 proteins were differentially expressed (adjusted p-value &amp;lt; 0.05 and &amp;gt;1.5 or &amp;lt;0.67-fold change) in host cells and <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, respectively. <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> invasion relies on the secretion of numerous secretory proteins, which originate from three secretory organelles: micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules. In the HT <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. T group, few secretory proteins were upregulated, such as microneme proteins (MICs: MIC6, MIC10), rhoptry bulb proteins (ROPs: ROP5, ROP17), and dense granule proteins (GRAs: GRA4, GRA5, GRA12). In contrast, dozens of known secretory proteins were significantly downregulated in <jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>-infected HFFs. In HFFs, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed a large number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) enriched in metabolic processes and immune-associated signaling pathways, such as NF-\u03baB, cAMP, and Rap1 signaling pathways. Further, in case of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, DEPs were involved in ribosome biogenesis, citrate cycle, and galactose metabolism, indicating that cell biosynthesis and metabolism of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> were altered after host cell invasion. These findings reveal novel modifications in the proteome of host cells as well as <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, helping us better understand the mechanisms underlying host\u2013parasite interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.643001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T16:04:24Z","timestamp":1620921864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative Proteomics Analysis for Elucidating the Interaction Between Host Cells and Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longjiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingcheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingkuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoqing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00486.x","article-title":"Transepithelial Migration of Toxoplasma Gondii Involves an Interaction of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) With the Parasite Adhesin MIC2","volume":"7","author":"Barragan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7049","article-title":"Host ICAMs Play a Role in Cell Invasion by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Plasmodium Falciparum","volume":"6","author":"Bhalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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