{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:37:06Z","timestamp":1787585826788,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010843","name":"Guangzhou Science, Technology and Innovation Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010842","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal vaginal\/rectal colonization of group B streptococcus (GBS) is a main risk for neonatal invasive infection. Efficient determination of GBS colonization in pregnant women is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of GBS carriage and evaluate the diagnostic performance of six methodologies for GBS screening conducted in China, including blood agar plate, liquid chromogenic medium, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) without pre-enrichment, chromogenic agar plate with pre-enrichment, and GBS antigen detection without and with pre-enrichment in comparison with the standard reference method (Lim broth-enriched subculture with plating on 5% sheep blood agar). Vaginal\/rectal swabs were collected from 1,281 pregnant women at 35\u201337 weeks of gestation. Of them, 309 were taken in triplicate, one for Lim broth-enriched subculture, one for blood agar plate, and the third for GBS antigen detection (Reagent W); 177 were acquired in duplicate, one for Lim broth-enriched subculture and the other for GBS antigen detection (Reagent H); 502 were obtained in duplicate, one for Lim broth-enriched subculture and the other for liquid chromogenic medium; 158 were collected in duplicate, one for Lim broth-enriched subculture and the other for LAMP; and 135 were inoculated in Lim broth-enriched for GBS antigen detection (Reagent W) and subculture with chromogenic agar plate and 5% blood agar plate. The overall prevalence of GBS carriage was 10.1% (130\/1,281, 95% CI: 8.5\u201312.1%) according to the standard reference method. Compared with the standard reference method, the LAMP had excellent performance of sensitivity (100%, 95%CI: 83.4\u2013100%), specificity (94%, 95%CI: 88.1\u201397.1%), and Yoden index (0.940); as well as the blood agar plate with sensitivity (81.5%, 95%CI: 61.3\u201393.0%), specificity (100%, 95%CI: 98.3\u2013100.0%), and Yoden index (0.815). The other four methods were not sufficient to reach the threshold in terms of sensitivity or specificity compared to the standard reference method. Furthermore, for LAMP, results can be obtained within 0.5\u20131 h, while for blood agar plate, which needed 24\u201348 h, and further identification was required. Our data suggested that the performance of LAMP was highly comparable to the standard Lim broth-enriched subculture and LAMP is considered as an alternative for fast and accurate GBS screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.651968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T15:11:30Z","timestamp":1621869090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diagnostic Performance of Various Methodologies for Group B Streptococcus Screening in Pregnant Woman in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kankan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiulian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianfen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huamin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05581-8","article-title":"Features of Streptococcus Agalactiae Strains Recovered From Pregnant Women and Newborns Attending Different Hospitals in Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02598-14","article-title":"Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the Xpert Gbs LB Assay for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Prenatal Screening Specimens","volume":"53","author":"Buchan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease: Revised Guidelines From CDC, 2010","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3216-4","article-title":"Group B Streptococcal Colonization in Mothers and Infants in Western China: Prevalences and Risk Factors","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00043-17","article-title":"Evaluation of StrepBSelect Chromogenic Medium and the Fast-Track Diagnostics Group B Streptococcus (Gbs) Real-Time Pcr Assay Compared to Routine Culture for Detection of GBS During Antepartum Screening","volume":"55","author":"Church","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01081-14","article-title":"Antepartum Screening for Group B Streptococcus by Three FDA-cleared Molecular Tests and Effect of Shortened Enrichment Culture on Molecular Detection Rates","volume":"52","author":"Couturier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.008","article-title":"Evaluation of Hibergene Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detection of Group B Streptococcus in Recto-Vaginal Swabs: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"24","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20191575","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20191575","article-title":"The Effect of Group B Streptococcus on Maternal and Infants\u2019 Prognosis in Guizhou, China","volume":"39","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.181414","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Incidence for Group B Streptococcus Disease in Infants and Antimicrobial Resistance, China","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.934804","article-title":"Intrapartum GBS Screening and Antibiotic Prophylaxis: A European Consensus Conference","volume":"28","author":"Di Renzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5430493","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5430493","article-title":"Group B Streptococcus (Gbs) Colonization and Disease Among Pregnant Women: A Historical Cohort Study","volume":"2019","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-285","article-title":"Comparison of Different Sampling Techniques and of Different Culture Methods for Detection of Group B Streptococcus Carriage in Pregnant Women","volume":"10","author":"El Aila","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.04.022","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Group B Streptococcus Directly From Vaginal-Rectal Specimens Using Liquid Swabs and the BD Max GBS Assay","volume":"23","author":"Ellem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S203543","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Direct Latex Agglutination, Post-Enrichment Latex Agglutination and Culture Methods in Screening of Group B Streptococci in Late Pregnancy: A Comparative Study","volume":"12","author":"El Shahaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2811-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Infants From Urban Area of South China, 2011-2014","volume":"18","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20190383","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20190383","article-title":"Evaluation of the Real-Time Fluorescence Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of Streptococcus Agalactiae","volume":"39","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.07.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcal Infection in Pregnant Women and Diseased Infants in Mainland China","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.181647","article-title":"Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease Among Infants, China","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2018.61.5.575","article-title":"Prevalence of Group B Streptococcus Colonization in Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Center in Korea","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"O370","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12416","article-title":"Epidemiology of Group B Streptococcus Isolated From Pregnant Women in Beijing, China","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00171-13","article-title":"Immunochromatographic Detection of the Group B Streptococcus Antigen From Enrichment Cultures","volume":"20","author":"Matsui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000437","article-title":"Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) in Vaginal Swabs - a Proof of Concept Study","volume":"66","author":"McKenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2002.0415","article-title":"Accelerated Reaction by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Using Loop Primers","volume":"16","author":"Nagamine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Probes."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05372-11","article-title":"Possible Solution to the Problem of Nonhemolytic Group B Streptococcus on Granada Medium","volume":"50","author":"Nickmans","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03934-4","article-title":"A Comparison of GenomEra\u00ae Gbs PCR and GeneXpert \u00ae GBS PCR Assays With Culture of GBS Performed With and Without Broth Pre-Enrichment","volume":"39","author":"Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00412-7","article-title":"Enhanced Antenatal Detection of Group B Streptococcus Colonization","volume":"85","author":"Philipson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.201669","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Hypervirulent Group B Streptococcus in Neonatal Invasive Infections, France, 2007-2019","volume":"26","author":"Plainvert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(95)00022-3","article-title":"Increased Recovery of Group B Streptococcus by the Inclusion of Rectal Culturing and Enrichment","volume":"21","author":"Platt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00582-17","article-title":"Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory","volume":"55","author":"Rosa-Fraile","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix658","article-title":"Maternal Colonization With Group B Streptococcus and Serotype Distribution Worldwide: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"65","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00446","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00446-19","article-title":"Suggested Modifications to Improve the Sensitivity and Specificity of the 2010 CDC-Recommended Routine Streptococcus Agalactiae Screening Culture for Pregnant Women","volume":"57","author":"Salimnia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.2017.0032","article-title":"Prevalence of Group B Streptococcal Colonization Among Pregnant Women and Neonates in a Tertiary Hospital in India","volume":"18","author":"Santhanam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Turk Ger Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00437","article-title":"Group B Streptococcal Colonization, Molecular Characteristics, and Epidemiology","volume":"9","author":"Shabayek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01958","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01958-18","article-title":"Comparison of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests and Culture for Detection of Group B Streptococcus From Enrichment Broth","volume":"57","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2017.07.001","article-title":"Detection of Streptococcus Agalactiae by Immunochromatography With Group B Streptococcus-Specific Surface Immunogenic Protein in Pregnant Women","volume":"23","author":"Takayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.013","article-title":"Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections: Virulence Factors, Immunity, and Prevention Strategies","volume":"25","author":"Vornhagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1551-2","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genetic Differences Among Group B Streptococcus Recovered From Neonates and Pregnant Women in Shenzhen, China: 8-Year Study","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1007-9408.2017.01.006","article-title":"Effects of Antenatal Antibiotic Exposure on Clinical Characteristics and Pathogen Distribution in Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhong Hua Wei Chan Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02048-2","article-title":"Etiological Serotype and Genotype Distributions and Clinical Characteristics of Group B Streptococcus-Inducing Invasive Disease Among Infants in South China","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.651968\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T15:11:35Z","timestamp":1621869095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.651968\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.651968"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.651968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"article-number":"651968"}}