{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:36:50Z","timestamp":1784745410543,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vaginal microbiota play a key role in defense against reproductive tract infections; however, many population-based women\u2019s health studies do not collect vaginal samples. Molecular examinations of urine samples have revealed common vaginal bacteria. We sought to assess the extent that community state type assignments of archived random-catch and clean-catch urine samples agreed with the paired vaginal samples in both reproductive-age and peri\/post-menopausal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using archived samples, we evaluated the microbiota concordance among women in three studies: two with paired mid-vaginal\/random-catch urine (N=91 reproductive-age participants and N=13 peri\/post-menopausal participants), and one with paired mid-vaginal\/clean-catch urine (N=99 reproductive-age participants). Microbiota composition was characterized by sequencing amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 regions and assigned to community state types. Similarity of paired samples was gauged using agreement of community state types and Yue-Clayton \u03b8 indices. Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes II indicated which taxa were differently relatively abundant in paired vaginal and urine samples. In reproductive-age women, random-catch and clean-catch urines were 89.0% and 86.9% concordant on five community state types with paired mid-vaginal swabs, and Kappa statistics indicated almost perfect agreement (\u03ba<jats:sub>random-catch<\/jats:sub>=.85, \u03ba<jats:sub>clean-catch<\/jats:sub>=.81, p&amp;lt;0.0001). A small number of pairs of samples were discordant (23\/190, 12%), and discordant pairs tended to be between samples classified to <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>-dominated and\/or low-<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> states. Concordance and agreement remained similar when dichotomizing the microbiota to <jats:italic>Lactobacillus-<\/jats:italic>dominated <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> low-<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> microbiota, as well as when evaluating separately the three subtypes of the low-<jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> community state type IV. Median similarity of paired urine\/vaginal samples was high (\u03b8<jats:sub>random-catch<\/jats:sub>=.85, \u03b8<jats:sub>clean-catch<\/jats:sub>=.88), and a comparison of the random-catch and clean-catch similarity scores showed no significant difference (p=.80). Concordance and similarity were lower for peri\/post-menopausal women, but agreement remained substantial (76.9% concordant, \u03ba<jats:sub>random-catch<\/jats:sub>= 0.64, \u03b8<jats:sub>random-catch<\/jats:sub>=.62). Taxonomic-level analysis confirmed these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Random-catch and clean-catch urine samples showed substantial agreement on bacterial composition to paired mid-vaginal samples, indicating that the genitourinary microbiota may be a reliable proxy for assessing the overall composition of the vaginal microbiota <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> community state types. This data suggests that urine samples can, with proper interpretation, be utilized as a surrogate for developing preliminary data and hypothesis-generating studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.671413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T06:13:29Z","timestamp":1624947209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessing the Concordance Between Urogenital and Vaginal Microbiota: Can Urine Specimens Be Used as a Proxy for Vaginal Samples?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney K.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle D.","family":"Shardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna B.","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil G.","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Brotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.022","article-title":"The Urinary Tract Microbiome in Older Women Exhibits Host Genetic and Environmental Influences","volume":"28","author":"Adebayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00164","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Immune Modulatory Effects of Lactic Acid and Short Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Vaginal Microbiota Associated With Eubiosis and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"6","author":"Aldunate","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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