{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1782874629895,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, multidrug-resistant (MDR) <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from retail food and humans assigned into similar Multilocus Sequence Types (MLST) were analyzed using whole genome sequencing (WGS). <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> analysis of assembled sequences revealed the existence of multiple resistance genes among the examined <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. Of the six CTX-M-producing isolates from retail food, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-14<\/jats:sub> was the prevalent variant identified (83.3%, 5\/6). Two plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance genes, <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A3, and <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A4, were detected from retail food isolates (one each from chicken and beef), where <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A4 was identified in the chicken isolate 82CH that also carried the colistin resistance gene <jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>-1. The <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-14<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A genes in retail food isolates were located adjacent to insertion sequences IS<jats:italic>Ecp1<\/jats:italic> and IS<jats:italic>26<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Sequence analysis of the reconstructed <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic> plasmid (p82CH) showed 96\u201397% identity to <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>-carrying IncI2 plasmids previously identified in human and food <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from Egypt. Hierarchical clustering of core genome MLST (HierCC) revealed clustering of chicken isolate 82CH, co-harboring <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A4 genes, with a chicken <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolate from China at the HC200 level (\u2264200 core genome allelic differences). As <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> co-harboring <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>fos<\/jats:italic>A4 genes has only been recently reported, this study shows rapid spread of this genotype that shares similar genetic structures with regional and international <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> lineages originating from both humans and food animals. Adopting WGS-based surveillance system is warranted to facilitate monitoring the international spread of MDR pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.681588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1626185353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing CTX-M, MCR-1, and FosA in Retail Food From Egypt"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hazem","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lari M.","family":"Hiott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elbediwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffanie A.","family":"Woodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie A.","family":"Chattaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0305","article-title":"Plasmid Replicons and \u03b2-Lactamase-Encoding Genes of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated From Humans and Food Animals in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Adenipekun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. 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