{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:48:56Z","timestamp":1753890536949,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-resistant\u00a0<jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\u00a0malaria impedes efforts to control, eliminate, and ultimately eradicate malaria in Southeast Asia. <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> resistance to antifolate drugs derives from point mutations in specific parasite genes, including the dihydropteroate synthase (<jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic>), dihydrofolate reductase (<jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic>), and GTP cyclohydrolase I (<jats:italic>pvgch1<\/jats:italic>) genes. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and spread of drug resistance markers in <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> populating the China-Myanmar border. Blood samples were collected from symptomatic patients with acute <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection. Samples with single-clone <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> infections were sequenced for <jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic> and<jats:italic>\u00a0pvdhfr<\/jats:italic> genes<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>and genotyped for 6 flanking microsatellite markers. Copy number variation in the <jats:italic>pvgch1<\/jats:italic> gene was also examined. Polymorphisms were observed in six different codons of the\u00a0<jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic>\u00a0gene (382, 383, 512, 549, 553, and 571) and six different codons of the\u00a0<jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic>\u00a0gene (13, 57, 58, 61, 99, 117) in two study sites. The quadruple mutant haplotypes 57I\/L\/58R\/61M\/117T of <jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic> gene were the most common (comprising 76% of cases in Myitsone and 43.7% of case in Laiza). The double mutant haplotype 383G\/553G of <jats:italic>pvdhps<\/jats:italic>\u00a0gene was also prevalent at each site (40.8% and 31%). Microsatellites flanking the <jats:italic>pvdhfr<\/jats:italic> gene differentiated clinical samples from wild type and quadruple mutant genotypes (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>= 0.259-0.3036), as would be expected for a locus undergoing positive selection. The lack of copy number variation of\u00a0<jats:italic>pvgch1\u00a0<\/jats:italic>suggests that SP-resistant\u00a0<jats:italic>P. vivax\u00a0<\/jats:italic>may harbor alternative mechanisms to secure sufficient folate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.683423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T15:17:38Z","timestamp":1624547858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polymorphism of Antifolate Drug Resistance in Plasmodium vivax From Local Residents and Migrant Workers Returned From the China-Myanmar Border"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weilin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanrui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pincan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026247","article-title":"Microsatellite Markers Reveal a Spectrum of Population Structures in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. 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