{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:09:42Z","timestamp":1791468582735,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaginal microbial niche is a dynamic ecosystem, composed by more than 200 bacterial species which are influenced by genes, ethnic background and environmental-behavioral factors. Several lines of evidence have well documented that vaginal microbiome constantly changes over the course of woman\u2019s life, so to exert an important impact on woman quality of life, from newborn to post-menopausal ages. This review aims at analyzing the role of vaginal microbiome in the maintenance of woman\u2019s homeostasis and at tracking critical changes that commonly occur across woman\u2019s lifetime. The role of hormone replacement therapy in the modulation of vaginal microbiome composition and in the improvement of vaginal wellness in postmenopausal women with decreasing levels of circulating estrogen is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T07:40:56Z","timestamp":1625557256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["The Vaginal Microbiome: A Long Urogenital Colonization Throughout Woman Life"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Renata S.","family":"Auriemma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Scairati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guendalina","family":"del Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Liccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Verde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Pirchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Ercolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181","article-title":"The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli","volume":"13","author":"Amabebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9","article-title":"Nonspecific Vaginitis. Diagnostic Criteria and Microbial and Epidemiologic Associations","volume":"74","author":"Amsel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.6.1482-1487.1985","article-title":"Separation and Purification of Bacteria From Soil","volume":"49","author":"Bakken","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00946-2","article-title":"Lessons Learned From the Prenatal Microbiome Controversy","volume":"9","author":"Blaser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5170","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5170-5175.1999","article-title":"Acid Production by Vaginal Flora In Vitro in Consistent With the Rate and Extent of Vaginal Acidification","volume":"67","author":"Boskey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181fb9e80","article-title":"Supplementation of Infant Formula With Probiotics and\/or Prebiotics: A Systematic Review and Comment by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition","volume":"52","author":"Braegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001236","article-title":"Association Between the Vaginal Microbiota, Menopause Status, and Signs of Vulvovaginal Atrophy","volume":"25","author":"Brotman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu330","article-title":"Interplay Between the Temporal Dynamics of the Vaginal Microbiota and Human Papillomavirus Detection","volume":"210","author":"Brotman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2147-2152.2002","article-title":"Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Vaginal Flora Changes in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women","volume":"40","author":"Cauci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x","article-title":"Diversity of Vaginal Microbiome and Metabolome During Genital Infections","volume":"9","author":"Ceccarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-33","article-title":"A Large, Population-Based Study of Age-Related Associations Between Vaginal pH and Human Papillomavirus Infection","volume":"12","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2021832","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"383","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8729","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8729-8737.2005","article-title":"Characterization of Microbial Communities Found in the Human Vagina by Analysis of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of 16S rRNA Genes","volume":"71","author":"Coolen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.004","article-title":"Distinct Genetic and Functional Traits of Human Intestinal Prevotella Copri Strains Are Associated With Different Habitual Diets","volume":"25","author":"De Filippis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2018.11.002","article-title":"Exhaustive Repertoire of Human Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Diop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiome J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.04.004","article-title":"Aerobic Vaginitis: No Longer a Stranger","volume":"168","author":"Donders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70338-3","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Abnormal Vaginal Bacterial Flora","volume":"182","author":"Donders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x","article-title":"Definition of a Type of Abnormal Vaginal Flora That Is Distinct From Bacterial Vaginosis: Aerobic Vaginitis","volume":"109","author":"Donders","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020419","article-title":"Reviewing the Composition of Vaginal Microbiota: Inclusion of Nutrition and Probiotic Factors in the Maintenance of Eubiosis","volume":"12","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1086\/313818","article-title":"Influence of the Normal Menstrual Cycle on Vaginal Tissue, Discharge, and Microflora","volume":"30","author":"Eschenbach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0079-x","article-title":"Lifetime Changes in the Vulva and Vagina","volume":"273","author":"Farage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.081034-0","article-title":"Differences in Vaginal Microbiome in African American Women Versus Women of European Ancestry","volume":"160","author":"Fettweis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043802","article-title":"Molecular Identification of Bacteria Associated With Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"353","author":"Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0502-8","article-title":"Increased Richness and Diversity of the Vaginal Microbiota and Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"6","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics of the Human Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and Causes of Preterm Birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2012.011342","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis Is Conducive to the Persistence of HPV Infection","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33130-1","volume":"131","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9378(16)33130-1","article-title":"Microbiology of the Vagina in Children: Normal and Potentially Pathogenic Organisms","volume":"62","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971918850","article-title":"Sex, Thrush and Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"8","author":"Hay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AID"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1086\/516221","article-title":"Vaginal Microflora in Postmenopausal Women Who Have Not Received Estrogen Replacement Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Hillier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053133","article-title":"Lactobacillus Iners-Dominated Vaginal Microbiota Is Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Dutch Women: A Case-Control Study","volume":"94","author":"Houdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Infect."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3117-0","article-title":"Effects of Probiotics for the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis in Adult Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"289","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2013.769097","article-title":"Ultra-Low-Dose Estriol and Lactobacilli in the Local Treatment of Postmenopausal Vaginal Atrophy","volume":"16","author":"Jaisamrarn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920631","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of the Vaginal Flora Over a Menstrual Cycle","volume":"8","author":"Keane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319460","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/319460","article-title":"Bacterial Vaginosis and the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus","volume":"2011","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63514","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063514","article-title":"Association of the Vaginal Microbiota With Human Papillomavirus Infection in a Korean Twin Cohort","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0600-6","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome Transplantation in Women With Intractable Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"25","author":"Lev-Sagie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079812","article-title":"Diverse Vaginal Microbiomes in Reproductive-Age Women With Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000905","article-title":"A Prospective Cohort Study of the Association Between Body Mass Index and Incident Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"46","author":"Lokken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Dis."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"1475","article-title":"A Persistent(Ly) Enigmatic Ecological Mystery: Bacterial Vaginosis","volume-title":"J. Infect. Dis.","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2006"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.03.016","article-title":"Interpreting the Epidemiology and Natural History of Bacterial Vaginosis: Are We Still Confused","volume":"17","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228","article-title":"The Microbiota of the Vagina and Its Influence on Women\u2019s Health and Disease","volume":"343","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01936","article-title":"Lactobacilli Dominance and Vaginal pH: Why Is the Human Vaginal Microbiome Unique","volume":"7","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000397","article-title":"Exploratory Comparison of Vaginal Glycogen and Lactobacillus Levels in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women","volume":"22","author":"Mirmonsef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000904","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota and Genitourinary Menopausal Symptoms:a Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Mitchell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16865","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16865","article-title":"Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Disease Progression Is Associated With Increased Vaginal Microbiome Diversity","volume":"5","author":"Mitra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0203-0","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiota, Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going Next","volume":"4","author":"Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.05.015","article-title":"Menopause and the Vaginal Microbiome","volume":"91","author":"Muhleisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29024","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29024","article-title":"Lactobacillus Crispatus Inhibits the Infectivity of Chlamydia Trachomatis Elementary Bodies, In Vitro Study","volume":"6","author":"Nardini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of Diagnosing Bacterial Vaginosis is Improved by a Standardized Method of Gram Stain Interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12496","article-title":"Probiotics and Primary Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies","volume":"29","author":"Panduru","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16438-8","article-title":"Large-Scale Genome-Wide Analysis Links Lactic Acid Bacteria From Food With the Gut Microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Pasolli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.06.003","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Lactobacilli to Improve the Vaginal Flora of Postmenopausal Women","volume":"141","author":"Petricevic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus Iners: Friend or Foer","volume":"25","author":"Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.73.1.23","article-title":"What Is Normal Vaginal Flora","volume":"73","author":"Priestley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourin Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80024-0","article-title":"Microbial Interactions in the Vaginal Ecosystem, With Emphasis on the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"1","author":"Pybus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy705","article-title":"Gardnerella and Prevotella: Co-Conspirators in the Pathogenesis of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"220","author":"Randis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiome of Reproductive-Age Women","volume":"15","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.5.856","article-title":"Emerging Role of Lactobacilli in the Control and Maintenance of the Vaginal Bacterial Microflora","volume":"12","author":"Redondo-Lopez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10700","article-title":"The Human Microbiome and the Future Practice of Medicine","volume":"314","author":"Relman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001279","article-title":"Can the Use of Probiotics in Association With Isoflavone Improve the Symptoms of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause","volume":"26","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","article-title":"Preterm Labor: One Syndrome, Many Causes","volume":"345","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-18","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiota of Pregnant Women Who Subsequently Have Spontaneous Preterm Labor and Delivery and Those With a Normal Delivery at Term","volume":"2","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-18","article-title":"The Composition and Stability of the Vaginal Microbiota of Normal Pregnant Women Is Different From That of non-Pregnant Women","volume":"2","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0433","article-title":"Lactobacillus Reuteri DSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"126","author":"Savino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1086\/315065","article-title":"Correlation of Behaviors With Microbiological Changes in Vaginal Flora","volume":"180","author":"Schwebke","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-999-0045-z","article-title":"Is There a Protective Role for Vaginal Flora","volume":"1","author":"Sobel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10197","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010197","article-title":"Temporal Variability of Human Vaginal Bacteria and Relationship With Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"5","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-846","article-title":"Taxonomic Note: A Place for DNA-DNA Reassociation And\u00a016S rRNA Sequence\u00a0Analysis in the Present Species Definition in Bacteriology","volume":"44","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bact."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4142","article-title":"The Microbiome in Early Life: Implications for Health Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Tamburini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2010.07.002","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Vaginal Microbiota Composition Assessed by Gram Stain Among Never Sexually Active Pre- and Postmenarcheal Adolescents in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"24","author":"Thoma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.05.004","article-title":"Striking a Balance: Fungal Commensalism Versus Pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Underhill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.8.2746-2749.2002","article-title":"Vaginal Lactobacillus Flora of Healthy Swedish Women","volume":"40","author":"Vasquez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00055","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00055-11","article-title":"The Fungal Pathogen Candida Albicans Autoinduces Hyphal Morphogenesis by Raising Extracellular Ph","volume":"2","author":"Vylkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B78","volume-title":"Report on Global Sexually Transmitted Infection Surveillance.","year":"2018"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.004","article-title":"Bacterial Flora of the Female Genital Tract: Function and Immune Regulation","volume":"21","author":"Witkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010) Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Workowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"118","article-title":"Analysis of the Vaginal Microecology in Patients With Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed. Res."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010496","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010496.pub2","article-title":"Probiotics for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Non-Pregnant Women","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2007.12","article-title":"Differences in the Composition of Vaginal Microbial Communities Found in Healthy Caucasian and Black Women","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00436-09","article-title":"Vaginal Microbiota of Women With Frequent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis","volume":"77","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0903-4","article-title":"In Vitro Rescue of Genital Strains of Chlamydia Trachomatis From Interferon-\u03b3 and Tryptophan Depletion With Indole-Positive, But Not Indole-Negative Prevotella Spp","volume":"16","author":"Ziklo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T07:41:04Z","timestamp":1625557264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.686167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"article-number":"686167"}}