{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T02:15:49Z","timestamp":1781576149137,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/27333-6, 2018\/09383-3, 2019\/26119-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/27333-6, 2018\/09383-3, 2019\/26119-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript is an up-to-date review of experimentally validated linear and continuous epitopes identified from arbovirus members of the<jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic>genus. We summarized 153 immunoreactive peptides from the Dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus described in studies published from 1989 to 2020. We included peptides from structural (envelope, capsid, and pre-membrane) and nonstructural (Ns1\u20135) viral proteins that demonstrated relevant immunoreactivity with antibodies from naturally infected or vaccinated humans. We included peptides that demonstrated relevant reactivity features, such as indicators of disease severity related to immunological or immunopathological outcomes, differential or group diagnostic markers, immunotherapy candidates, and potential for vaccine formulation. The majority of immunoreactive peptides were described for DENV probably due to its long-lasting impact on human health and the lack of efficient vaccines and therapeutic methods. Immune landscape data regarding linear immunoreactive and continuous flavivirus peptides are still scarce, and a complete and more detailed map remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this review provides valuable data for those investigating the antibody response against flavivirus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.710551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T04:27:38Z","timestamp":1628742458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Linear and Continuous Flavivirus Epitopes From Naturally Infected Humans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcilio Jorge","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Tadeu Moraes","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Hugo","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01311358","article-title":"Serologically Defined Linear Epitopes in the Envelope Protein of Dengue 2 (Jamaica Strain 1409)","volume":"105","author":"Aaskov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104248200","article-title":"De Novo Synthesis of RNA by the Dengue Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Exhibits Temperature Dependence at the Initiation But Not Elongation Phase","volume":"276","author":"Ackermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.06.008","article-title":"Dengue Virus NS1 Enhances Viral Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"496","author":"Alayli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1066","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1066","article-title":"Novel Differential Linear B-Cell Epitopes to Identify Zika and Dengue Virus Infections in Patients","volume":"8","author":"Amrun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Trans. Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.03.022","article-title":"The Identification of Immunodominant Linear Epitopes of Dengue Type 2 Virus Capsid and NS4a Proteins Using Pin-Bound Peptides","volume":"112","author":"Anandarao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030492","article-title":"Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia Coli","volume":"8","author":"Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081921","article-title":"Computational Analysis of Dengue Virus Envelope Protein (E) Reveals an Epitope With Flavivirus Immunodiagnostic Potential in Peptide Microarrays","volume":"20","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The Global Distribution and Burden of Dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i5.430","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Management","volume":"3","author":"Bogovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. cases"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15039-8","article-title":"A Zika Vaccine Targeting NS1 Protein Protects Immunocompetent Adult Mice in a Lethal Challenge Model","volume":"7","author":"Brault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-013-3390-x","article-title":"The Flavivirus Protease as a Target for Drug Discovery","volume":"28","author":"Brecher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042334","article-title":"Properties and Functions of the Dengue Virus Capsid Protein","volume":"3","author":"Byk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-2-9","article-title":"Antibodies Against prM Protein Distinguish Between Previous Infection With Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Viruses","volume":"2","author":"Cardosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3181\/0805-RM-147","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Endothelial Cell Autoantigens Recognized by Anti-Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Antibodies","volume":"234","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0162","article-title":"Correlation Between Serum Levels of Anti-Endothelial Cell Autoantigen and Anti-Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Antibodies in Dengue Patients","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197770","article-title":"Flavivirus Infection-A Review of Immunopathogenesis, Immunological Response, and Immunodiagnosis","volume":"274","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2699","article-title":"Immunization of Flavivirus West Nile Recombinant Envelope Domain III Protein Induced Specific Immune Response and Protection Against West Nile Virus Infection","volume":"178","author":"Chu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.481","article-title":"Antibodies Against Dengue Viral Proteins in Primary and Secondary Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"44","author":"Churdboonchart","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7425","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007425","article-title":"Identification of Continuous Human B-Cell Epitopes in the Envelope Glycoprotein of Dengue Virus Type 3 (DENV-3)","volume":"4","author":"da Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1188","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001188","article-title":"In-Depth Analysis of the Antibody Response of Individuals Exposed to Primary Dengue Virus Infection","volume":"5","author":"de Alwis","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004386","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004386","article-title":"Dengue Viruses Are Enhanced by Distinct Populations of Serotype Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Human Immune Sera","volume":"10","author":"de Alwis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185181","article-title":"Cross-Reacting Antibodies Enhance Dengue Virus Infection in Humans","volume":"328","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.4.2578-2586.2003","article-title":"B Cells and Antibody Play Critical Roles in the Immediate Defense of Disseminated Infection by West Nile Encephalitis Virus","volume":"77","author":"Diamond","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002642","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002642","article-title":"2\u2019-O Methylation of Internal Adenosine by Flavivirus NS5 Methyltransferase","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12941","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.12941-12949.2003","article-title":"Antibody Prophylaxis and Therapy Against West Nile Virus Infection in Wild-Type and Immunodeficient Mice","volume":"77","author":"Engle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00371-06","article-title":"Antibody Responses are Generated to Immunodominant ELK\/KLE-Type Motifs on the Nonstructural-1 Glycoprotein During Live Dengue Virus Infections in Mice and Humans: Implications for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Design","volume":"14","author":"Falconar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol.: CVI"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030111","article-title":"Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts About Entry Into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading","volume":"8","author":"Filgueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02458-10","article-title":"The Unique Transmembrane Hairpin of Flavivirus Fusion Protein E Is Essential for Membrane Fusion","volume":"85","author":"Fritz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90560-C","article-title":"Full-Length cDNA Sequence of Dengue Type 1 Virus (Singapore Strain S275\/90)","volume":"188","author":"Fu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.08.008","article-title":"Induction of Virus-Specific Neutralizing Immune Response Against West Nile and Japanese Encephalitis Viruses by Chimeric Peptides Representing T-Helper and B-Cell Epitopes","volume":"163","author":"Gangwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"Field's Virology: Flaviviruses","author":"Gubler","year":"2007"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16248","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16248","article-title":"Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus by Heme-Induced Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01313-1","article-title":"Investigation of the Immunogenicity of Zika Glycan Loop","volume":"17","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.11.041","article-title":"T7 Phage Display of Ep15 Peptide for the Detection of WNV IgG","volume":"141","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700029","article-title":"Antibody Epitopes Identified in Critical Regions of Dengue Virus Nonstructural 1 Protein in Mouse Vaccination and Natural Human Infections","volume":"198","author":"Hertz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(95)01275-3","article-title":"Identification of Immunodominant, Group-Specific and Subcomplex-Specific, Continuous Epitopes in the Core Regions of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Using Synthetic Peptides","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199901)57:1<1::AID-JMV1>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Antibody Responses to an Immunodominant Nonstructural 1 Synthetic Peptide in Patients With Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1609709","article-title":"The Flavivirus NS5 Protein Is a True RNA Guanylyltransferase That Catalyzes a Two-Step Reaction to Form the RNA Cap Structure","volume":"15","author":"Issur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rna"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07667-z","article-title":"Role of NS1 Antibodies in the Pathogenesis of Acute Secondary Dengue Infection","volume":"9","author":"Jayathilaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.9180","article-title":"Antigenicity and Native Structure of Globular Proteins: Low Frequency of Peptide Reactive Antibodies","volume":"84","author":"Jemmerson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92428","article-title":"Cross-Reactive Dengue Human Monoclonal Antibody Prevents Severe Pathologies and Death From Zika Virus Infections","volume":"2","author":"Kam","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz092","article-title":"ZIKV-Specific NS1 Epitopes as Serological Markers of Acute Zika Virus Infection","volume":"220","author":"Kam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(02)00660-8","article-title":"Structure of Dengue Virus: Implications for Flavivirus Organization, Maturation, and Fusion","volume":"108","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-115","article-title":"Identification of Linear Human B-Cell Epitopes of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus","volume":"11","author":"Kuivanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59403-8_5","article-title":"Immune Responses to Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"267","author":"Kurane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.10.024","article-title":"Identification of Peptide Based B-Cell Epitopes in Zika Virus NS1","volume":"505","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00002-08","article-title":"Role of Nonstructural Protein NS2A in Flavivirus Assembly","volume":"82","author":"Leung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.191-200.1998","article-title":"DNA Immunization With Japanese Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein NS1 Elicits Protective Immunity in Mice","volume":"72","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.03.002","article-title":"Synthetic Peptides Containing B- and T-Cell Epitope of Dengue Virus-2 E Domain III Provoked B- and T-Cell Responses","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.8.3183","article-title":"Human IgG Fc Receptor II Mediates Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection","volume":"144","author":"Littaua","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-194","article-title":"Identification of a Novel Infection-Enhancing Epitope on Dengue prM Using a Dengue Cross-Reacting Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6538-9","article-title":"Comprehensive Mapping Infection-Enhancing Epitopes of Dengue Pr Protein Using Polyclonal Antibody Against Prm","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0307","article-title":"Immunolocalization of the Dengue Virus Nonstructural Glycoprotein NS1 Suggests a Role in Viral RNA Replication","volume":"220","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305892101","article-title":"Solution Structure of Dengue Virus Capsid Protein Reveals Another Fold","volume":"101","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"MarquesE. T. D. A. NascimentoE. GuG. University of PittsburghUse of a Linear B Cell Epitop of Ns1 Protein to Treat Dengue Virus2018"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22147","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.192500","article-title":"Flavivirus NS4A-Induced Autophagy Protects Cells Against Death and Enhances Virus Replication","volume":"286","author":"McLean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8873","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609919200","article-title":"The Non-Structural Protein 4A of Dengue Virus Is an Integral Membrane Protein Inducing Membrane Alterations in a 2K-Regulated Manner","volume":"282","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00095-18","article-title":"Diagnosis of Zika Virus Infection by Peptide Array and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","volume":"9","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A Structural Perspective of the Flavivirus Life Cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2335168100","article-title":"Inhibition of Interferon Signaling by Dengue Virus","volume":"100","author":"Munoz-Jordan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178009","article-title":"Natural Antibody Responses to the Capsid Protein in Sera of Dengue Infected Patients From Sri Lanka","volume":"12","author":"Nadugala","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820325","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1820325","article-title":"Detection of Dengue Virus-Specific IgM and IgG Antibodies Through Peptide Sequences of Envelope and NS1 Proteins for Serological Identification","volume":"2020","author":"Nagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.193300","article-title":"A Novel Indirect ELISA for Diagnosis of Dengue Fever","volume":"144","author":"Narayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0624","article-title":"A Highly Conserved Region Between Amino Acids 221 and 266 of Dengue Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 Is a Major Epitope Region in Infected Patients","volume":"91","author":"Omokoko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","article-title":"West Nile Virus: Review of the Literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399408000665","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Neutralisation of Flavivirus Infection","volume":"10","author":"Pierson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0446-y","article-title":"The Emergence of Zika Virus and Its New Clinical Syndromes","volume":"560","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.08.004","article-title":"Structural Insights Into the Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Flavivirus Infection: Implications for Vaccine Development","volume":"4","author":"Pierson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155900","article-title":"Synthetic B-Cell Epitopes Eliciting Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies: Strategies for Future Dengue Vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201745302","article-title":"The Bright and the Dark Side of Human Antibody Responses to Flaviviruses: Lessons for Vaccine Design","volume":"19","author":"Rey","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.10.009","article-title":"Epitope of Dengue Virus E Protein Detect Human Antibodies Associated With Mild Disease: A Potential Peptide for Vaccine Development","volume":"24","author":"Sanchez-Burgos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1967.032.01.065","article-title":"Antibodies to Sequential and Conformational Determinants","volume":"32","author":"Sela","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199903)57:3<322::AID-JMV17>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Retrospective Study of Western Blot Profiles in Immune Sera of Natural Dengue Virus Infections","volume":"57","author":"Se-Thoe","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000672","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Simmonds","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0210-3","article-title":"The Immune Response Against Flaviviruses","volume":"19","author":"Slon Campos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.052084-0","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Linearized B-Cell Epitope on the Pr Protein of Dengue Virus","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-4-689","article-title":"Immunological Basis for Protection in a Murine Model of Tick-Borne Encephalitis by a Recombinant Adenovirus Carrying the Gene Encoding the NS1 Non-Structural Protein","volume":"79","author":"Timofeev","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81844-0","article-title":"Dengue Virus NS4B Interacts With NS3 and Dissociates it From Single-Stranded RNA","volume":"87","author":"Umareddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.5.856-857.2000","article-title":"Human Dengue Antibodies Against Structural and Nonstructural Proteins","volume":"7","author":"Valdes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1996.0054","article-title":"Mapping Epitope Structure and Activity: From One-Dimensional Prediction to Four-Dimensional Description of Antigenic Specificity","volume":"9","author":"Van Regenmortel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111079","article-title":"Identification of B-Cell Epitopes With Potential to Serologicaly Discrimnate Dengue From Zika Infections","volume":"11","author":"Versiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11567","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05859-11","article-title":"Poorly Neutralizing Cross-Reactive Antibodies Against the Fusion Loop of West Nile Virus Envelope Protein Protect In Vivo via Fcgamma Receptor and Complement-Dependent Effector Mechanisms","volume":"85","author":"Vogt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4217","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4217-4223.2003","article-title":"Immunoassay Targeting Nonstructural Protein 5 to Differentiate West Nile Virus Infection From Dengue and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections and From Flavivirus Vaccination","volume":"41","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B84","unstructured":"Countries and Territories With Current or Previous Zika Virus Transmission2019"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5877","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201688","article-title":"Plasmablasts Generated During Repeated Dengue Infection are Virus Glycoprotein-Specific and Bind to Multiple Virus Serotypes","volume":"189","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00398","article-title":"Cellular Targets for the Treatment of Flavivirus Infections","volume":"8","author":"Zakaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg270","article-title":"Structures of Immature Flavivirus Particles","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110338","article-title":"Structures and Functions of the Envelope Glycoprotein in Flavivirus Infections","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.710551\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1673068420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.710551\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":88,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fcimb.2021.710551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.710551","relation":{},"ISSN":["2235-2988"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2235-2988","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"article-number":"710551"}}