{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:20:14Z","timestamp":1788448814564,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012907","name":"University of Dar es Salaam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012907","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>People living with HIV, even under therapy, have a high burden of age-related co-morbidities including an increased risk of dyslipidemia (which often predisposes to cardiovascular diseases) and immune-aging. In this study, lipid profiles and antibody responses to measles and pertussis toxin vaccines were compared between ART experienced HIV+ children (n=64) aged 5-10 years, and their age- and sex-matched HIV- controls (n=47). Prevalence of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride-driven dyslipidemia was higher among treated HIV+ children than in controls (51.6% vs 27.7% respectively, p &amp;lt; 0.019). In a multivariate Poisson regression model adjusted for age, sex and BMI, the association between low HDL-c, hypertriglyceridemia and HIV remained significantly high (for HDL-c: ARR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82 \u2013 0.96, p = 0.003; for triglycerides: ARR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.31 \u2013 1.81, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Among HIV+ children, the use of lopinavir\/ritonavir, a protease-based antiretroviral therapy was also associated elevation of triglyceride levels (p = 0.032). Also, HIV+ children had a 2.8-fold reduction of anti-measles IgG titers and 17.1-fold reduction of anti-pertussis toxin IgG levels when compared to HIV- children. Our findings suggest that dyslipidemia and inadequate vaccine-induced antibody responses observed in this population of young African HIV+ children might increase their risk for premature onset of cardiovascular illnesses and acquisition of preventable diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.721747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T05:53:05Z","timestamp":1636437185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Altered Lipid Profiles and Vaccine Induced-Humoral Responses in Children Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Mbuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issakwisa","family":"Mwakyula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willyelimina","family":"Olomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Agrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Nicoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Ngatunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leodegard","family":"Mujwahuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mwanyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mkunde","family":"Chachage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp306","article-title":"Mortality of HIV-Infected Patients Starting Potent Antiretroviral Therapy: Comparison With the General Population in Nine Industrialized Countries","volume":"38","author":"Zwahlen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. 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